Những chiến dịch đặc biệt

by Pavel Sudoplatov

Những Chiến Dịch Đặc Biệt (Sách Tham Khảo)

Cuốn sách này được xem như là Hồi ký của Pavel Xudoplatov, một người xuất thân tại thành phố Melitopol, Ucraina, bị coi là kẻ ác độc thâm căn cố đế, từ năm 1938 đã câu kết với những kẻ thù của nhân dân và luôn chống đảng và chính phủ. Con đường minh oan của ông đã trải qua những bước thăng trầm cùng với những biến cố chính trị của nhà nước Liên Xô cũ. ... Tôi hy vọng câu chuyện của tôi sẽ giúp thế hệ hiện thời có được sự tự do khi đánh giá quá khứ hào hùng và bi thương của chúng ta. - (Trích đoạn kết của sách). 
Sách gồm có 13 chương 
Chương 1: Khởi đầu 
Chương 2: Ở Tây Ban Nha 
Chương 3: Những cuộc thanh trừng chính trị 1934 - 1939 
Chương 4: Thủ tiêu Trotsky 
Chương 5: Tình báo Xô Viết trước ngưỡng cửa cuộc chiến tranh 
Chương 6: Tình báo trong những năm chiến tranh vệ quốc vĩ đại 
Chương 7: Tình báo Xô Viết và vấn đề nguyên tử
Chương 8: Chiến tranh lạnh 
Chương 9: Raul Vallenberg, Phòng thí nghiệm - X và những bí mật chính trị khác của Kremli 
Chương 10: Caifornia ở Krưm 
Chương 11: Giai đoạn cầm quyền cuối cùng của Stalin 
Chương 12: Âm mưu chống Beria và sự sụp đổ của ông 
Chương 13: Những năm giam cầm đấu tranh để được minh oan.

Genres: History, Russia, Espionage, Nonfiction, Biography, Politics, Russian History

588 pages, Paperback

First published January 1, 1994

About the author

Lieutenant General Pavel Anatolyevich Sudoplatov (Пáвел Aнатóльевич Cудоплáтов) was a member of the intelligence services of the Soviet Union who rose to the rank of lieutenant general. He was involved in several famous episodes, including the assassination of Leon Trotsky, the Soviet espionage program which obtained information about the atomic bomb from the Manhattan Project, and Operation Scherhorn, a Soviet deception operation against the Germans in 1944. His autobiography, Special Tasks, made him well-known outside the USSR, and provided a detailed look at Soviet intelligence and Soviet internal politics during his years at the top.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavel_Su...

Reviews

[Bulent · Rating 4 out of 5]

Özel Görevler gerçekten benzeri az bulunur bir kitap.

Ukraynalı bir Çekist (Sovyet gizli servisi Çeka mensubu) olan Sudaplatov'un Sovyetler içinde ve dışında katıldığı, planladığı, yönettiği operasyonları ve kendi kişisel yaşam öyküsünü paralel şekilde anlattığı bir kitap bu. 1930'larda başlayan ve 1968'e dek süren ilginç bir dönemi ele alıyor.

Bu operasyonlar arasında Troçki'nin Meksika'da öldürülmesi, ABD'den nükleer bomba projesinin çalınması, Stalin'in parti önderlerini tasfiye etmesi, 2. Dünya Savaşı dönemi gizli operasyonları, Kırım'da bir İsrail kurulması projesi, Yahudi Doktorlar Komplosu... Ne ararsanız var.

Stalin, Beria, Kruşçev gibi döneme damgasını liderler de önemli rol oynuyor kitapta elbette. Stalin'in Komünist Parti içinde farklı kişilerin iplerini çekiştirerek birbirleri üzerinde bir güç mücadelesi verirken kendi liderliğini nasıl korumayı başardığını görüyoruz mesela. Beria'nın Stalin'in ölümünden sonra aynı ipleri nasıl ele geçirmeyi başardığını, Sudoplatov'un başarısız bir kişilik olarak niteledi Kruşçev'in o ipleri nasıl kesip attığını... ÇEKA'nın MGV'ye, onun KGB'ye dönüşüm süreçlerini... Sovyetler Birliği dünyasına biraz aşina olanlar için çok zengin bir eser.

Tabi Sudoplatov'un hakkının yendiğini, suçsuz yere Beria'nın adamı olarak suçlanıp yargılandığını, cezaevlerinde kaldığını, madalyalarının elinden alındığını, tüm bunlarda rağmen mücadele azminden hiç vazgeçmediğini anlattığı satırlar da kitabın yarıya yakınını oluşturuyor.

[V+V MERCURII · Rating 5 out of 5]

Very interesting inside view to the Soviet secret services and communist state in general.

The author is best known for his part in organizing the assassination of Trotsky and running the nuclear spy ring in the USA and the UK. He also organized underground action against the occupying German armies, among other things.

The most interesting part in my opinion, however, is the description of the weirdest possible intrigues and machinations in the communist administration, where you could just as well be damned if you did, and damned if you didn't. The whole business was based on the idea that if a person, or a whole nation for that matter, was somehow perceived as a problem, they could just be destroyed, all the participants meanwhile thinking they were doing it for the greater good of the human kind.

Typical example would be that the head of the Poison Laboratory, which executed secretly by poison those people who could not be openly arrested and shot, was later accused of, yes, poisoning people and killed in prison himself. Of course he had poisoned people on the orders of the same people that had him arrested because he had poisoned people.

The author himself found himself in prison after Stalin's death. Altogether he spent 15 years in prison. Stalin's successor Khrushchev wasn't actually much different in his policies towards perceived enemies. Khrushchev had been Stalin's willing executioner, after all.

Some things you learn from the book: how to pretend you've turned catatonic if you're arrested - this was taught to their spies in the west to do if caught red handed - (the author did this after his arrest to win time so as not to be executed) and the following spinal taps performed to test if the state is authentic (the author had it done to him twice).

It's of course difficult to know whether the author tells the truth or gives the whole picture about everything - the man was a professional of deception - but in any case this was a most fascinating, well written book.

[Tomás Fernandes]

Desisti

[Brian · Rating 5 out of 5]

Notes:
- Feliks Edmundovich Dzerzhinsky
- Chapter 1: Beginnings
- Yevhen Konovalets
- Chapter 2: Spain: Crucible for Revolution and Purges
- Ramon Mercader del Rio
- Guy Burgess (Harold Adrian Russel (Kim) Philby, Donald Maclean, Anthony Blunt, John Cairncross): "The Cambridge Five"
- Leonid Eitingon
- Chapter 3: Purge Years
-Chapter 4: The Assassination of Trotsky
- P.70-80: Description of the Mercaders, failed assassination attempt by the Siquieros group, Ramon Mercader assassination success &capture
- Chapter 5: Stalin and Hitler: Prelude to War
- General Hans von Seeckt
- P.80 - 88: Life of Ramon Mercador after Trotsky assassination, description of intelligence gathering operations in the western United States, beginning of descriptions of the purging of high-ranking military officials
- P.88-95: Fall of Tukhachevsky (Czechoslovakian president and ambassadors, Voroshilov, German-Soviet military cooperation, false pretext initiated break-downs), Winter War w/Finland
- P.96 - 106: Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, Latvia, Ukraine
- P.106 - 112: Khruschev, Serov + love affair w/Polish celebrity, Upensky's despicable treatment of his wife
- Pyotr Zubov
- P.112 - 120: Use of Poles to gather intelligence, retrospective on information available that suggested the imminency of war w/Germany, coup in Belgrade of pro-German administration
- Chapter 6: The Great Patriotic War: Deception Games and Guerrilla Warfare
- P.129: Kuznetsov, Medvedev, Prokupuk, Vaopshasov, Karasyov, Mirkovsky - heroic names of The Great Patriotic War
- P.138: Aleksandr Rado, Klaus Fuchs, Ursula Kuczynski
- P.132 - 142: German's approach to Moscow, preparations in Moscow in case of capture (sabotage, planting of mines, setup of spy-networks, etc.), description of GRU & NKVD spy-networks in Western Europe, learning about the British's creation of the Enigma German message coding machine, "The Red Orchestra"
- P.142 - 150: Battle of Kursk + intelligence gathering efforts to anticipate German offensive (operation Citadel), attempt to spread rumors about a desired peace w/Germany via Bulgarian ambassador, Stamenov- later allegedly misconstrued as evidence to accuse Beria & Sudoplatov of attempting to negotiate a separate peace deal w/Hitler w/the goal of overthrowing Stalin & the government, operations in the Caucuses impede German resupply on the eve of the Battle of Stalingrad
- Operation Monastery
- Aleksandr Demyanov
- P.150 - 164: Konstantin Gamsakhurdia - father of Zviad Gamsakhurdia, principal opponent of Georgian president Eduard Shevardnadze, detailing of the counterintelligence operation code-named "Monastery" - Aleksandr/Max/Heine feeding disinformation to the Germans, establishment of a fake, pro-German underground organization named Throne, deception tactics during Stalingrad (Zhukov unaware of plans to direct Germans at his forces - thousands of losses), Battle of Kursk - huge impact on the victorious outcome of these two, crucial battles, British intelligence unwittingly confirming the effectiveness of Agent Max's disinformation being fed to the Germans, Viktor Ilyin's arrest by commissar of state security, Viktor Abakumov
- Chapter 7: Atomic Spies
- Leonid Kvasniko - chief of the NKVD scientific intelligence desk
- P.164 - 177: Ilyin's imprisonment, trials, release, end rest of his life, more disinformation dissemination to the Germans during operation Monastery (Scherhorn & Raeder), operation Enormous
- Gregory Kheifetz
- George Florev
- Igor Kurchatov
- P.177 - 184: Early history of Soviet's work at atomic weapons development
- Jewish autonomous republic in the Crimea after the war
- P.184 - 194: More details about agents involved with Soviet espionage of American atomic weapons development, Klaus Fuchs
- P. 194 - 206Oppenheimer & other Manhattan Project scientists, the Zarubins, uranium ore mining efforts, establishment of the Special State Committee on Problem Number One for accelerating development of the atomic bomb, rebuilding of the economy
- Yakov Petrovich Terletsky - meeting w/Bohr to overcome issues w/building the first, operational nuclear reactor
- Edward Teller - Igor Kurchatov (or Oppenheimer)
- Oleg Penkovsky
- P.206 - 213: The hydrogen bomb project, predicting Western Power's ability to wage nuclear war, Berlin blockade as a way to divert Western attention * resources away from the Chinese civil war to help achieve a communist victory outcome, Pontecorvo, Vasilevksy
- Chapter 8: The Cold War
- Averell Harriman
- P.213 - 225: Julius & Ethel Rosenberg, fallout at The Center, speculation on how the Americans penetrated the Soviet agent network, Yalta conference
- Nathan Gregory Silvermaster
- Alger Hiss
- P.225 - 234: Statesman invovled w/negotiations (Yalta, Potsdam, etc.), changes in relations of diplomatic contacts, Marshall Plan tip-off from Maclean, dependency upon German war reparations for economic recovery and threat to those reparations caused by the Marshall Plan's goal of giving the Americans economic dominance over Europe, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia
- P.234 - 244: Reorganization of intelligence & security services, Merkulov dismissal, tension between Sudoplatov & Abakumov, William Fisher (Rudolf Abel)
- Gary Powers & Sudoplatov in same jail (Vladimir Prison) [1960 - 1961]
- Philology
- Nikolai Khokhlov - agent turned by the CIA
-P.244 - 248: Operations for preparing for hostilities w/the West
P.248-256: Operations against Ukrainian nationalists, Ukrainian Uniate Church vs. Russian Orthodox church
- Barzani (Kurd), Shah of Iran (Mohammad Reza Pahlavi)
- P.256 - 264: Story of early Soviet foreign policy in the Middle East w.r.t. the Kurds, Iraq, Iran, and the West (America & Britain)
- Chapter 9: Raoul Wallenberg, Lab X, and Other Special Tasks
- ALexandra Kolontai
- P.264 - 275:P Story of Raoul Wallenberg
- Chapter 10: The Jews: California in The Crimea
- P.275 - 286: Katyn massacre coverup, American Isaac Oggins, poisoning victims + Maironovsky, letter to Stalin from Jewish Antifascist Committee
- Anglo-American Committee in Palestine
- The Doctor's Plot
- P.286 - 294: Initial intentions to create an autonomous Jewish republic in the Crimea, British & American intentions to form a Jewish homeland in Palestine w/out working w/the Soviets & Stalin's resentment at that
- P.294 - 302: Origins of the Doctor's Plot, Malenkov, Sukhanov, Ryumin, targeting Abakumov
- P.302 - 310: Details and conclusion of the Doctor's plot, spread and legacy of anti-Semitic policies
- Chapter 11: Final Years Under Stalin, 1946 - 1953
- P.310 - 320: Bulganin's hesitancy to act and indecisiveness, Abakumov's early life and career, political intriguing orchestrated by Stalin, Zhukov's demotions, Mingrelian affair
- P.320 - 328: Fall of Abakumov, restructuring of the First Directorate, plans to assassinate Tito
- P.338 - 350: Death of Stalin, rehabilitation of Stalin's victims (Jews implicated in the Doctor's plot, the Mingrelian affair), Abakumov, Raikhman, Eitingon resistance to false confessions
- Chapter 12: The Fall of Beria and my Arrest
- P.350 - 359: Beria, Ukraine
- Meetings w/Military leadership in the Ninth Department of the MVD
- Beria's failed attempts at German reunification, reconciliation w/Yugoslavia
-P.367 - 376: Political intriguing orchestrated by Khrushchev against Beria using Malenkov, Beria's arrest
P.376 - 386: Sudoplatov unexpectedly summoned to the Presidium, arrests made in connection w/the imagined conspiracy of Beria, imprisonment & interrogation yb procurator Rudenko
- Nurse Maria Yakolevna Kuzina
- Forced feedings, spinal taps, injections
- P.386 - 394: Sudoplatov's plight while imprisoned, feigning being mentally ill
- Chapter 13: The Trial
- P.394 - 404: Sudoplatov's tiral, appeal for defense lawyer denied, specter of Khrushchev looming over the trial, sentenced to 15 years in Vladimir prison
- General Ivan Fadeykin (Sudoplatov's successor)
- P. 404 - 420: Embarrassing thefts during Beria conspiracy, details of stay in Vladimir prison, interactions w/other inmates, appeals for freedom, Herman Klimov from Party Control Committee (sympathetic), proposals to create Spetsnaz in response to Green Berets creation, son's appeal for freedom turned down, final release
- P.420 -= 431: Life as a freeman, taking up writing, meeting w/old colleagues, Emma passing, rehabilitation at last
- P.431 - 495: Ending & appendices

[Luka Novak · Rating 4 out of 5]

I found out about this book when reading another book about Soviet (counter)intelligence efforts during WW2. As such I was mostly interested in Sudoplatov's escapades during that time. Sadly while that epriod is covered it's not prominent. Sudoplatov equally talks about his pre-war tasks, WW2, post-WW2 espionage and his alter arrest and trial.

For me the msot revelaing part is his eprsonality. He is unapologetic, he sees his executions of opponents of regime as justified but when he is on the receiving end (he is arrested soon after Beria) that is in his opinion gross injustice and clear example how regime was corrupt.

Overall an interesting peek into workings of Soviet intelligence and security services, but still one that has to be taken with a grain of salt. Such as claims that Oppenheimer was de facto soviet agent, not active one but one who was willing to talk about his work and NKVD was eager to listen.

[Melissa · Rating 3 out of 5]

Very interesting read, but skips around some, so hard to keep timeline in mind.

[Vasile Corjan · Rating 4 out of 5]

for a spymaster some parts in the book he sounds too naive and maybe apologetic

[Laurie · Rating 5 out of 5]

If you have an interest in Russian or Cold War history, this is an eye-opener.

The view from the other side - the man in charge of killing Trotsky, in charge of stealing atomic secrets, in charge of guerilla operations behind German lines in WWII and in the post-war West, tells his story. Chillingly lacking in any semblance of remorse, Sudoplatov (later imprisoned for 15 years a part of the Beria purge) is more concerned with setting the record straight, and in the final chapters, proving the unfairness of his imprisonment. The appendices duplicate documents that illuminate - for example - the scope of the penetration of soviet spies in the Manhattan project; or the callousness of multiple signatures 'signing off' on a single document detailing the process to murder over 30,000 Polish captives.

There are a lot of names, and bureaucratic information, that will likely make this a non-starter for a casual reader. The mounting horror is created by the casual references to torture, assassination, deception, and imprisonment of people whose only crime is to be in the way of the ambitions of the more powerful - as Sudoplatov studies the quicksand around him, before he is sucked in. He never wavers in his belief that the Russian transformation in his lifetime from agrarian backwater to nuclear superpower was a great time in history, and his role - executing the orders of the politburo - was always patriotic. This book bears witness to all of that, in considerable detail, and is a singular eye-opening read.

[Ferris Mx · Rating 5 out of 5]

The excellent foreward from Robert Conquest told me how to read this book. While I'm still a little confused by some stuff, like when Sudoplatov cites western sources presumably unknown to him, and when Sudoplatov's prose is footnoted with citations from Sudoplatov in an unusual way. It's not clear how much was written by Sudoplatov (or the Sudoplatovs) and how much by the Schechters.

This book really brought home the terror of living in the USSR, from someone who acted in a supporting role in many purges and eventually was purged himself. There was no theory supporting these purges, and it is surprising that a totalitarian dictatorship needs purges to support itself. Apparently it does, to retain the perfect mix of dependence and pliance on the part of the dictator's closest companions. Part of the author's thesis is that Khruschev was not so much a reformer as a participant in the totalitarian government.

If the author is to be believed, US nuclear scientists were penetrated much more fully than usually reported. The case is reasonably documented and does not seem incredible.

It's not fun to be reminded of how awful the USSR was, but it's important.

[Superpuuper · Rating 5 out of 5]

Разумеется не стоит верить всему что написанно в этой книге. В особенности те части где Судоплатов начинает косить под наивного одуванчика, наблюдаеющего за зачистками в партии и НКВД в разные периоды. Тем не менее, по сравнению с другими подобными книгами, такими как мемуары Шелленберга (пустая работа из которой, тем не менее, явно видно насколько преувеличен в попкультуре образ нацистских спецслуб. Ми5 и НКВД водили их за нос без остановки. Провал за провалом. И в разведке и контразведке), или мемуары Даллеса (на 85% состоящая из дезы и откровенного вранья), так вот, мемуары Судоплатова выгодно отличаются глубиной изложения и изрядной откровенностью по многим вопросам. Не лишена она и саморефлексии старого человека, подводящего итоги жизни. Книга писалась в перестройку и была выпущена после распада СССР. В некотром смысле это невероятное стечение обстоятельств, что он дожил до того единственного временного "окна" где можно было такое издать. В этом смысле книга не имеет аналогов. Всем кто интересуется этой темой, must read

[Sipovic · Rating 3 out of 5]

В мемуарах Судоплатова, на которые часто ссылаются как на одну из главных книг по истории советской разведки, творится знакомая любому русскому человеку шизофрения. Негодование от решения разногласий расстрелом идёт парой с убийством Троцкого, неодобрение Сталина - вместе с расцветом собственной карьеры именно при нём, а похищение чертежей атомной бомбы - с необоснованной антисоветской истерией. Мастер интриги, смотревший на три метра в землю в вопросах похищений и убийств за Кардоном, тем не менее регулярно наивен как дитя в подковёрной борьбе собственного ведомства. Речка движется и не движется. Всё это происходит в одной голове и легко при этом уживается. Читать всё равно достаточно любопытно, но учитывая, сколько раз эти мемуары вызвали сомнения или опровергались в отдельных частях, считать их святым писанием не стоит.

[Ricardo Tannus · Rating 3 out of 5]

I discovered Pavel Sudoplatov's "Special Tasks" checking the references for Ivan Padura's phenomenal "Man Who Loved Dogs" and I must admit I was quite excited to read it.

Though it obviously carries interesting stories, I found it quite confusing. In my perception Sudoplatov was in a unique position: rubbing shoulders with decision makers and the rank and file, which meant the book carried a lot of references to a lot of names, making it hard to follow.

Sudoplatov's story is a sad one: despised by the party - and the country - he served his whole life because of a power struggle. A story we have seen so many times in totalitarian regimes.

[JW · Rating 3 out of 5]

The story of a dedicated Soviet spy who ultimately came to grief due to fallout from a Kremlin power struggle. Sudoplatov’s memoir is a drily written but still fascinating account of his part in Russian espionage from the 1930s thru the early 1950s. Most interesting are his accounts of his deadly actions against Ukrainian nationalists before World War II and his overseeing of anti-German guerrilla operations during the war. And let us not forget his picking on Trotsky.
Sudoplatov then ran Soviet atomic bomb espionage. According to him, scientists such as Robert Oppenheimer consciously aided the USSR. This allegation, and Sudoplatov’s overall role in nuclear spying, has been disputed.
The most emotional part of the book is the account of his arrest, imprisonment, and long struggle for rehabilitation. Sudoplatov has harsh words for those, such as Stalin and especially Khrushchev, whom he feels betrayed him. To the end, though, Sudoplatov remained a loyal Communist and supporter of the Soviet system.

[Dave Hunt · Rating 3 out of 5]

What could have been a very interesting piece of history had been hampered by either the narrator Pavel Sudoplatov or by the Russian to English translation which lead to a very dry and boring book.
Hopefully later translations would help breath life into what could be a fascinating read.
Until then this book would be helpful for researchers and academics studying this topic. For the reader this is boring.

[Yucel Inanogullari · Rating 5 out of 5]

1930lar-1950ler arası Sovyet dönemindeki tarihsel olayları (Troçki suikasti, Ukrayna milliyetçi hareketi, 2. Dünya Savaşı, nükleer sırlar ve kısmen soğuk savaş dönemi) ve parti devlet içindeki güç savaşlarını, yapılan korkunç haksızlıkları, bir film izler gibi okuyabilirsiniz.

[Kevin Gorman · Rating 5 out of 5]

Used for research.

[Raymond · Rating 5 out of 5]

Another in the post-Soviet books but probably one of the more important. Sudoplatov was one of the most well-place people in Stalin's NKVD and it is wonderful reading. This book is controversial as to the Soviet spy network among the Los Alamos atomic bomb scientists but I think he is right on a number of points. This is a must read for those trying to gain insight into the 1930's in the Soviet Union. The wartime narrative again defies what the west believes as to Stalin's condition immediately after the invasion.

[Michael Heath-Caldwell · Rating 4 out of 5]

The main subject of this book is Anatoli Sudoplatov, one of Stalin's minions, and like the rest of the minions in Stalin's bleak grim system, he was eventually consumed by it, ending up in prison for many years, after Stalin's death. As Sudoplatov was involved with many of the inner workings of Stalin's grim grip on power, he provides a very informative history of the era. As such we see how one paranoid dictator ground down and entire country, and a few others, to maintain his grip on power, right to the end.

[Rally Soong · Rating 4 out of 5]

An informative book on how Russians ran their intel service. Good info on how Trosky was knocked off from this former intel officer...and how they stoked the plan to the nuclear bomb. The Rosenbergs were, in fact, spies! Interesting.

[Hadrian · Rating 4 out of 5]

View of the Soviet intelligence services from a relatively high-ranked member. Unique in perspective, very interesting and at times, frightening.

[Barbc]

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