George Oppen (April 24, 1908 – July 7, 1984) was an American poet, best known as one of the members of the Objectivist group of poets. He abandoned poetry in the 1930s for political activism, and later moved to Mexico to avoid the attentions of the House Un-American Activities Committee. He returned to poetry—and to the United States—in 1958, and received the Pulitzer Prize in 1969.
If possible I would recommend listening to Oppen read this himself There is something so fragile and weary in his reading that punches me in the heart especially hard when there is a sort of immediate self undermining in his poetry, the first instance of this (and me having my heart broken) is the forth stanza:
The sad marvels;
Of this was told A tale of our wickedness. It is not our wickedness.
And content wise too there's philosophy, social critique and just life, all the good (sad) stuff
“But I will listen to a man, I will listen to a man, and when I speak I will speak, though he will fail and I will fail. But I will listen to him speak. The shuffling of a crowd is nothing—well, nothing but the many that we are, but nothing.”
In tweaker fashion, read this as an aphoristic guide. I think it served. The idea, the fact, the glare, the planets and the stars, the sea anemone’s dream as it filters sea water with each tide. All impenetrable.
The way he reads the title poem is the most beautiful and painful thing. Although the collection didn't really grip me as much as his pervious ones did, it was delightful to read more of his work.
George Oppen was a key component of a “second-generation” group of Modernist poets in the 1930s termed the Objectivists, after moving to New York City and encountering Louis Zukofsky, Charles Reznikoff, and others. Objectivism rejected the bourgeois predilection toward neo-classical and mythological reference that we encounter with Imagist poetry while importing its use of highly concentrated units of language, a poetic structure that emphasizes the “whole” rather than, as Louis Zukofsky would later note, a sequence of imprecise images. (We see the rejection of the neo-classical flourishes we might expect from Ezra Pound quite explicitly in Oppen’s title poem in Of Being Numerous: “Phyllis—not neo-classic / The girl’s name is Phyllis.”)
It was also, surprisingly, a mode of high Modernism with a staunch politic that extended beyond literary form. Ruth Jennison, in her monograph The Zukofsky Era: Modernity, Margins, and the Avant-Garde (2012), suggests two primary aims of Objectivist practice: “(1) to register in poetic form the contradictions of capitalism as structure and as lived experience, and (2) to yoke together these contradictions in such a way that reveals the geography of capitalism as a profoundly differentiated totality.”
Oppen was, undoubtedly, a figure in Modernist poetry who spent much of his career reckoning with the fraught relationship between the aesthetic in the political. I keep coming back to a tweet from Mosab posted a few days ago: “If poetry does not make People aware of an injustice and does not motivate them to eliminate it, then this is not poetry, or, at worst, People do not understand poetry, or maybe a new kind of poetry should be invented for this purpose.” After his publication of Discrete Series (1934), Oppen gave up poetry completely. Oppen articulates his twenty-five-year silence: “I made a choice. Stopped, for the crisis, writing.” After he gave up writing, Oppen distanced himself from the Objectivists and became increasingly involved with his work as an organizer with the Communist Party. He eventually was forced to abscond to Mexico with his family due to an active FBI investigation on him and his wife, fearing for the safety of their daughter. (The FBI documents files on the Oppens have been recently released to the public.)
Even after his return to poetry twenty-five years later with The Materials, he questioned its efficacy. Referring to the Vietnam War, he suggests in a letter that “If we launch that ‘’general war in Asia,’ I think I will have to give this up again . . . I perhaps cannot write poetry in war time. I couldn’t before, and perhaps cannot now. I become ashamed, I become sick with shame.” Peter Nicholls, in George Oppen and the Fate of Modernism (2007), suggests that Oppen’s return to poetry was far from triumphant, but rather rooted in a sense of failure. It was, in Nicholls’ words, both “the failure of the avant-garde which seemed to have been maneuvered into irrelevance by the war and by the development of the atom bomb, but also his own failure.”
Of Being Numerous is a sparse volume, both in its page count (the longer title poem and followed by six short meditations on the themes it generated) and its short, taciturn phrases punctuated by heavy line breaks. It is a text invested in various modes of silence, which both implicitly and explicitly throughout the title poem. “Clarity / In the sense of transparence,” he writes, “I don’t mean that much can be explained. / Clarity in the sense of silence.” Or, elsewhere: “It is true the great mineral silence / Vibrates, hums, a process / Completing itself / In which the windshield wipers / Of the cars are visible.”
Words exist as transparent vessels for the objects to which they refer, objects that populate Oppen’s poem with an abject, “mineral” weight. As a poem primarily invested in the relationship between the singular and the collective subject, the silence might also be the vibration and “hum” of the crowd, or cars on the street: when the sound of the street overlap and coalesce into a full, overbearing kind of silence in which discrete sounds become no longer discernible.
We might track other modes of silence in the text, too. The margins seem to overwhelm the terse stanzas, as does the constant enjambment of various lines. There is also, of course, the silence that breaks up Oppen’s career as a poet: a silence that resists the fascist deployment of Modernist aesthetics. (Nicholls cites a letter written by Oppen here: “For Oppen, Pound’s blindness to what was happening during the war—he ‘didn’t speak of the gas chambers’ (UCSD 16, 16, 10)—was bound up with a persistent modernist tendency to read the political through the lens of an avant-garde aesthetic.”)
The titular preoccupation with Of Being Numerous is, of course, the question of existing as a singular subject within a “numerous” society. That question is on a level replicated by the general structure of the poem: the poem is minutely divided into discrete parts that constitute a larger whole, each numbered up to forty, as well as the stanzas we encounter within each part that rarely extend beyond three lines. “There are things / We live among ‘and to see them / is to know ourselves,’” the poem begins. “Occurrence, a part, / Of an infinite series.” I’m struck by this last phrase: Oppen grammatically skews what should be “as part / Of an infinite series” to be “a part,” which, then, contradicts the meaning of the sentence. Are we existing “as part” of that series, or, rather, resolutely “apart” from it as we view the world from a singular perspective? That tension carries throughout the entire text, as Oppen slides in and out of various pronouns. Oppen, referencing Robinson Crusoe (1719) in one of the poem’s more famous lines: “Obsessed, bewildered / By the shipwreck / Of the singular / We have chosen the meaning / Of being numerous.”
Lines from Of Being Numerous have come to mind most days since I read it. “It is the air of atrocity, / An event as ordinary / As a President. / A plume of smoke, visible at a distance / In which people burn.” Or, later, “That denial / Of death that paved the cities, / Paved the cities / Generation / For generation and pavement / Is filthy as the corridors / Of the police.” The enjambment makes unclear what, exactly, has become the “ordinary” event: is it the president, or the plume of smoke “In which people burn”? (It is worth noting that Of Being Numerous was published the same year Richard Nixon would assume presidency, during the Vietnam War.)
The “denial” of “death that paved the cities” perhaps needs no further explication: today the New York Times, which has (of course) by this point established itself as a staunch Zionist news outlet, published an article arguing that deaths in Gaza are on the decline, with no acknowledgment of the lack of access to dead and injured and blackout of communication in Gaza. Mass death and displacement have become “ordinary” as they become numerous. Denial begins when we refuse to view subjects of an imperialist state as singular: the dead become abstractions, infographic numbers, anonymous. From Refaat Alareer’s last poem: “If I must die / let it bring hope, / let it be a story.” Oppen’s poetics demand an acknowledgment of the singular in the wake of the numerous: not as number but as narrative.
Subscribe to my Substack here for more poetry reviews/recommendations!
“So spoke of the existence of things An unmanageable pantheon
Absolute, but they say Arid.
A city of the corporations
Glassed In dreams
And images—
And the pure joy Of the mineral fact
Tho it is impenetrable
As the world, if it is matter, Is impenetrable.” — “The great stone Above the river In the pylon of the bridge
‘1875’
Frozen in the moonlight in the frozen air over the footpath, consciousness
Which has nothing to gain, which awaits nothing, Which loves itself” — “We are pressed, pressed on each other, We will be told at once Of anything that happens
And the discovery of fact bursts In a paroxysm of emotion Now as always. Crusoe
We say was ‘Rescued’. So we have chosen.” — “Obsessed, bewildered
By the shipwreck Of the singular
We have chosen the meaning Of being numerous.” — “unable to begin At the beginning, the fortunate Find everything already here. They are shoppers, Choosers, judges;… And here the brutal is without issue, a dead end. They develop Argument in order to speak the become unreal, unreal, life loses solidity, loses extent, baseball’s their game because baseball is not a game but an argument and difference of opinion makes the horse races. They are ghosts that endanger
One’s soul. There is change In an air That smells stale, they will come to the end Of an era First of all peoples And one may honorably keep
His distance If he can.” — “The roots of words Dim in the subways
There is madness in the number Of the living ‘A state of matter’
There is nobody here but us chickens
Anti-ontology—
He wants to say His life is real, No one can say why
It is not easy to speak
A ferocious mumbling, in public Of rootless speech.” — “It is the air of atrocity, An event as ordinary As a President.
A plume of smoke, visible at a distance In which people burn.” — “—They await
War, and the news Is war
As always
That the juices may flow in them Tho the juices lie.
Great things have happened On the earth and given it history, armies And the ragged hordes moving and the passions Of that death. But who escapes Death
Among these riders Of the subway,
They know By now as I know
Failure and the guilt Of failure. As in Hardy’s poem of Christmas
We might half-hope to find the animals In the sheds of a nation Kneeling at midnight,
Farm animals, Draft animals, beasts for slaughter Because it would mean they have forgiven us, Or which is the same thing, That we do not altogether matter.” — “There can be a brick In a brick wall The eye picks
So quiet of a Sunday Here is the brick, it was waiting Here when you were born
Mary-Anne.” — “Clarity
In the sense of transparence, I don’t mean that much can be explained.
Clarity in the sense of silence.” — “‘Half free And half mad’ And the jet set is in. The vocabularies of the forties Gave way to the JetStream And the media, the Mustang And the deals And the people will change again.
Under the soil In the blind pressure The lump, Entity of substance Changes also.
In two dozen rooms, After two dozen apartments After the party The girls Stare at the ceilings Blindly as they are filled And then they sleep.” — “My daughter, my daughter, what can I say Of living?
I cannot judge it.
We seem caught In reality together my lovely Daughter,
I have a daughter But no child
And it was not precisely Happiness we promised Ourselves;
We say happiness, happiness and are not Satisfied.
Tho the house on the low land Of the city
Catches the dawn light
I can tell myself, and I tell myself Only what we all believe True
And in the sudden vacuum Of time…
… is it not In fear the roots grip
Downward And beget
The baffling hierarchies Of father and child
As of leaves on their high thin twigs to shield us
From time, from open Time” — “‘…approached the window as if to see…’
The boredom which disclosed Everything—
I should have written, not the rain Of a nineteenth century day, but the motes In the air, the dust
Here still.
What have we argued about? What have we done?
Thickening the air?
Air so thick with myth the words unlucky And good luck
Float in it…
To ‘see’ them?
No.
Or sees motes, an iron mesh, links
Of consequence
Still, at the mind’s end Relevant” — “You are the last Who will know him Nurse.
Not know him, He is an old man, A patient, How could one know him?
You are the last Who will see him Or touch him, Nurse.” — “Power ruptures at a thousand holes Leaking the ancient air in,
The paraphernalia of a culture On the gantries
And the grease of the engine itself At the extremes of reality
Which was not what we wanted
The heart uselessly opens To 3 words, which is too little” — “Astrolabes and lexicons Once in the great houses—
A poor lobsterman
Met by chance On Swan’s Island
Where he was born We saw the old farmhouse
Propped and leaning on its hilltop On that island Where the ferry runs
A poor lobsterman
His teeth were bad
He drove us over that island In an old car
A well-spoken man
Hardly real As he knew in those rough fields
Lobster pots and their gear Smelling of salt
The rocks outlived the classicists The rocks and the lobstermen’s huts
And the sights of the island The ledges in the rough sea seen from the road
And the harbor And the post office
Difficult to know what one means —to be serious and to know what one means—
An island Has a public quality
His wife in the front seat
In a soft dress Such as poor women wear
She took it that we came— I don’t know how to say, she said—
Not for anything we did, she said, Mildly, ‘from God’. She said
What I like more than anything Is to visit other islands…”
Το "Περί πληθείναι" είναι υπόδειγμα του Objectivist Poetry.
Ο Oppen ξεκινά με την ύλη, τα αντικείμενα και την αίσθηση του ανήκειν σε μια εποχή Το αστικό τοπίο είναι "μια πόλη επιχειρήσεων κλεισμένη/ πίσω απ' το κρύσταλλο/των ονείρων" 13
Το πλήθος ρέει ως γλώσσα, σε όλες τις ηλικίες. Για τον Oppen είναι ανθρωπάκια
"Και στις φωλιές τους/ με την πίσσα στις στέγες/ και τις βεραντούλες στις εισόδους και τις πόρτες/ -ένας κόσμος από βεραντούλες-" 17
Όπου υπάρχει κυρίαρχος ο εγωτισμός, που δεν περιμένει τίποτα.
"Το γεγονός ξεσπάζει με όλη του την πραγματικότητα/ μέσα σ' έναν παροξυσμό συναισθημάτων/ όπως πάντα" 21
Για τον Oppen υπάρχει "το ναυάγιο/ της μοναδικότητας" και η επιλογή του πληθείναι.
Τα κτίρια είναι "κούφια, διαθέσιμα, μπορείς να μπεις παντού,/ να κοιτάξεις απ' τα παράθυρα"
Ως μαρξιστής (το κίνημα του Αντικειμενισμού, ως μέρος του ευρύτερου Μοντερνισμού, είχε μεγαλύτερη σχέση με το εργατικό και κομμουνιστικό κίνημα) γράφει για την κίνηση, την διαρκής και αιώνια κίνηση, καθώς και την ενικότητα σε σχέση με την πληθυντικότητα του κόσμου.
Είναι ένα ευρύ, δύσκολο και απαιτητικό έργο, όπου μέσα του υπάρχουν διάχυτες σπουδαίες ιδέες για την αλήθεια, την πραγματικότητα, την ποίηση και τη ζωή.
A remarkable collection, tho Oppen tells us "it is not easy to speak," & therefore difficult to be able to remark; but thereby we have the magnificent truth of this work, hard-fought & earthbound: Sappho's sparing & airy perspective on life-processes taken to a 1960s New York. These are poems not concerned with the little things but the broader truths derived in saturnine contemplation of molarities. Oppen feels rendered speechless by what he observes. It is hard for us to not follow suit along his variegated routes as well.
How talk Distantly of 'The People'
Who are that force Within the walls Of cities
Wherein their cars
Echo like history Down walled avenues In which one cannot speak
Solo diré que empecé el libro unas cuatro veces. Me detenía y esperaba el tiempo suficiente como para volver a comenzar. Cuando lo cerré por fin, me di cuenta que era por la sencilla razón de no querer que acabara. En cada relectura encontraba una nueva verdad. Me lo prestó una amiga y, después de varios meses, asumí que debía devolvérselo. Lo compraré. Falta un soporte para el envés de mi almohada.
“They were patient/ With the world./ This will never return, never,/ Unless having reached their limits//
They will begin over, that is,/ Over and over”
Fragile n soft… yet with such despairing subject matter, when you hear Oppen read the long titular poem, you hear him about to break. This poem is about to break. Its quite lovely
La fuerza tras los muros de las ciudades, un jirón de humo en el que la gente arde en la patria del naufragio.
Oppen vincula la poesía y la política, por un lado mostrándonos las esquirlas y las zanjas que ha dejado la pobreza, por otro, las raíces de un mundo donde cae la lluvia agazapada entre la multitud: “más que una poesía de ideas, se trata de la música de la percepción del mundo”.
Oppen sees something that other poets do not. Even other objectivists poets of his time do not seem to accomplish what Oppen does with his writing. Honesty, perhaps? Of Being Numerous, to me, is a perfect example of what an objectivist poem should look like, and the fact that Oppen performed all of his ideas on what poetry should be, never veering from his objectivist ideals, is highly impressive.
The opening section is one of my favorite pieces of poetry of all time. The book is consistently strong, a close second-place to Oppen's wonderful 'This in Which.' Objectivist poetry rewards, rewards, rewards.