Dramas, such as The Seagull (1896, revised 1898), and including "A Dreary Story" (1889) of Russian writer Anton Pavlovich Chekhov, also Chekov, concern the inability of humans to communicate.
Born (Антон Павлович Чехов) in the small southern seaport of Taganrog, the son of a grocer. His grandfather, a serf, bought his own freedom and that of his three sons in 1841. He also taught to read. A cloth merchant fathered Yevgenia Morozova, his mother.
"When I think back on my childhood," Chekhov recalled, "it all seems quite gloomy to me." Tyranny of his father, religious fanaticism, and long nights in the store, open from five in the morning till midnight, shadowed his early years. He attended a school for Greek boys in Taganrog from 1867 to 1868 and then Taganrog grammar school. Bankruptcy of his father compelled the family to move to Moscow. At the age of 16 years in 1876, independent Chekhov for some time alone in his native town supported through private tutoring.
In 1879, Chekhov left grammar school and entered the university medical school at Moscow. In the school, he began to publish hundreds of short comics to support his mother, sisters and brothers. Nicholas Leikin published him at this period and owned Oskolki (splinters), the journal of Saint Petersburg. His subjected silly social situations, marital problems, and farcical encounters among husbands, wives, mistresses, and lust; even after his marriage, Chekhov, the shy author, knew not much of whims of young women.
Nenunzhaya pobeda, first novel of Chekhov, set in 1882 in Hungary, parodied the novels of the popular Mór Jókai. People also mocked ideological optimism of Jókai as a politician.
Chekhov graduated in 1884 and practiced medicine. He worked from 1885 in Peterburskaia gazeta.
In 1886, Chekhov met H.S. Suvorin, who invited him, a regular contributor, to work for Novoe vremya, the daily paper of Saint Petersburg. He gained a wide fame before 1886. He authored The Shooting Party, his second full-length novel, later translated into English. Agatha Christie used its characters and atmosphere in later her mystery novel The Murder of Roger Ackroyd. First book of Chekhov in 1886 succeeded, and he gradually committed full time. The refusal of the author to join the ranks of social critics arose the wrath of liberal and radical intelligentsia, who criticized him for dealing with serious social and moral questions but avoiding giving answers. Such leaders as Leo Tolstoy and Nikolai Leskov, however, defended him. "I'm not a liberal, or a conservative, or a gradualist, or a monk, or an indifferentist. I should like to be a free artist and that's all..." Chekhov said in 1888.
The failure of The Wood Demon, play in 1889, and problems with novel made Chekhov to withdraw from literature for a period. In 1890, he traveled across Siberia to Sakhalin, remote prison island. He conducted a detailed census of ten thousand convicts and settlers, condemned to live on that harsh island. Chekhov expected to use the results of his research for his doctoral dissertation. Hard conditions on the island probably also weakened his own physical condition. From this journey came his famous travel book.
Chekhov practiced medicine until 1892. During these years, Chechov developed his concept of the dispassionate, non-judgmental author. He outlined his program in a letter to his brother Aleksandr: "1. Absence of lengthy verbiage of political-social-economic nature; 2. total objectivity; 3. truthful descriptions of persons and objects; 4. extreme brevity; 5. audacity and originality; flee the stereotype; 6. compassion." Because he objected that the paper conducted against [a:Alfred Dreyfu
La fel ca toate operele lui Cehov, memorabil e și teatrul lui, l-am citit cu ani în urmă, m-aș întoarce oricând să-mi aflu liniștea de acolo de unde lipsește azi.. Simplitatea vieții rurale este zugravita magistral de cel ce și-a pus în stăpânire geniul literar, medic de meserie, Cehov m-a inspirat tot timpul...
Casa Prozorov. Salonul cu colonade prin care se zăreşte în fund sala cea mare. Amiaza unei zile însorite, vesele. In sala din fund se pune masa mare pentru dejun. Olga, într-o rochie de uniformă bleumarin, de profesoară de liceu, corectează într-una, cînd stînd locului în picioare, cînd mergînd, caietele elevelor. Masa, în rochie neagră, cu pălăria pe genunchi, stă într-un fotoliu şi citeşte o carte. Irina, în rochie albă, stă îngîndurată. OLGA: Acum un an, chiar în ziua de cinci mai, de ziua ta, Irina, a murit tata. Era foarte frig şi ningea. Mi se părea că n-o să mai pot trăi. Iţi pierduseşi cunoştinţa şi zăceai ca moartă. Dar a trecut anul şi n-a mai rămas decît amintirea. Acum porţi iar rochia albă. Obrazul îţi străluceşte din nou! (Ceasul bâte ora 12.) Şi atunci bătea ceasul! (Pauză.) îmi amintesc cum l-au luat pe tata... Cînta muzica... La cimitir s-au tras salve... Fusese general... comandant de brigadă... şi totuşi ce lume puţină era. Ploua prea tare, o ploaie amestecată cu ninsoare. IRINA: Ce rost are să ne amintim de toate astea? (In sala mire, după colonade, apar lingă masă Tuzenbah, Cebutikin şi Solionii.) OLGA: Azi e cald... Putem lăsa ferestrele larg deschise... dar mestecenii n-au înfrunzit încă. Acum unsprezece ani, tata a primit comanda brigăzii şi a plecat cu noi din Moscova... îmi aduc bine aminte că pe timpul ăsta, la începutul lunii mai, la Moscova e cald, totul e înflorit, scăldat în soare. Au trecut unsprezece ani, şi îmi amintesc de parcă am fi plecat abia ieri de acolo. Doamne, Dumnezeule! Cînd m-am trezit azi dimineaţă, am zărit soarele, lumina, primăvara şi o nespusă bucurie mi-a cuprins sufletul. Şi mi s-a făcut atît de dor de locurile acelea dragi!... CEBUTÎKIN: Ei, pe dracu! TUZBNBAH: Sigur că-i o nebunie!