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Great Thinkers
Karl Marx
Karl Marx (1818–1883) Karl Marx is the most influential political philosopher of the past 150 years. Understanding him is essential to understanding post-WWII Europe, American foreign policy, contemporary China and North Korea, and much of the rhetoric in today’s colleges and political circles in the United States. William Dennison’s concise volume highlights the key features of Marx’s worldview, including several valuable insights. Dennison’s critical analysis uncovers Marx’s internal contradictions, examines the inherently religious nature of his anti-religious materialism, and documents the horrifying effects of his political philosophy—horrors consistent with Marx’s convictions.
- GenresPhilosophyBiography
146 pages, Kindle Edition
Published December 11, 2017
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April 13, 2025
Dennison, William. Karl Marx. Presbyterian & Reformed.
I have routinely criticized Van Tillians for misunderstanding most thinkers in philosophy. This is not the case with Karl Marx. Indeed, Van Tillians, particularly the Reconstructionists, have done a very good job with Marx. That raises another difficulty: Is there anything new to add? William Dennison, in fact, does not add anything new. Rather, he guides the reader to new developments in Marxist scholarship. Because of that, the book is short on economic critiques; it does, however, propose a historical critique. Because Marx rejects the doctrine of providence, his historical analysis will come up short. We will see if Dennison is successful. He makes a number of insightful observations; unfortunately, the book’s format prevents him from capitalizing on them.
Marxism is more than (but never less) stealing food and killing people. It is an a priori analysis of history. For it, capitalism, itself a necessary stage in human development, because of the division of labor, generates inequality and exploitation. This in turn causes a workers’ revolution, the first stage of it being the dictatorship of the proletariat.
Both Marx and Adam Smith believed in the necessity of the division of labor. Smith thought it good and wise; Marx thought it inevitable and evil. In any case, man is now alienated from the objects of his labor. As Marx is directly parasitic upon the Christian tradition, he sees this alienation as sin. This view of sin implies a certain view of man. Unlike today’s New Atheist, Marx does believe in consciousness, but for him consciousness is merely a residue of the economic superstructure. Society is built upon a base, the sum total of the relations of production. From this base emerges a superstructure: culture, morality, consciousness, etc.
By way of critique, Dennison notes for Marx there is a blurry line between man in innocence and man in sin. To put it in theological terms: creation and fall look very much alike. Murray Rothbard and others have suggested, but never really developed, that there are certain Neoplatonic themes in Marx. If true, and here we can only speculate, this would explain why creation and fall appear to be the same thing.
Dennison also suggests that Marx, himself rejecting Trinitarian orthodoxy, is unable to account for the problem of the One and Many. In other words, how do particulars relate to universals? This is a standard Van Tillian critique with a standard Van Tillian answer: only the Trinity can account for the One and the Many. That seems plausible enough. Unfortunately, it does not work. The One and the Many seeks to reconcile universal being (or universals) with bare particulars. The divine persons, however, are not bare particulars. Nor is it clear that the divine essence is a universal. Even if it is, the persons would be subsistences of that universal. Perhaps a subsistence can reconcile being and particulars, but it is not clear how.
In conclusion, this is a hand volume to have when consulting Marx’s historiography. It is light on economic analysis and its Van Tillianism does not do what it purports to do; viz, demonstrate how Trinitarian providence guides history in a way that Marx’s analysis cannot. Perhaps it can, but it was more stated than demonstrated.
I have routinely criticized Van Tillians for misunderstanding most thinkers in philosophy. This is not the case with Karl Marx. Indeed, Van Tillians, particularly the Reconstructionists, have done a very good job with Marx. That raises another difficulty: Is there anything new to add? William Dennison, in fact, does not add anything new. Rather, he guides the reader to new developments in Marxist scholarship. Because of that, the book is short on economic critiques; it does, however, propose a historical critique. Because Marx rejects the doctrine of providence, his historical analysis will come up short. We will see if Dennison is successful. He makes a number of insightful observations; unfortunately, the book’s format prevents him from capitalizing on them.
Marxism is more than (but never less) stealing food and killing people. It is an a priori analysis of history. For it, capitalism, itself a necessary stage in human development, because of the division of labor, generates inequality and exploitation. This in turn causes a workers’ revolution, the first stage of it being the dictatorship of the proletariat.
Both Marx and Adam Smith believed in the necessity of the division of labor. Smith thought it good and wise; Marx thought it inevitable and evil. In any case, man is now alienated from the objects of his labor. As Marx is directly parasitic upon the Christian tradition, he sees this alienation as sin. This view of sin implies a certain view of man. Unlike today’s New Atheist, Marx does believe in consciousness, but for him consciousness is merely a residue of the economic superstructure. Society is built upon a base, the sum total of the relations of production. From this base emerges a superstructure: culture, morality, consciousness, etc.
By way of critique, Dennison notes for Marx there is a blurry line between man in innocence and man in sin. To put it in theological terms: creation and fall look very much alike. Murray Rothbard and others have suggested, but never really developed, that there are certain Neoplatonic themes in Marx. If true, and here we can only speculate, this would explain why creation and fall appear to be the same thing.
Dennison also suggests that Marx, himself rejecting Trinitarian orthodoxy, is unable to account for the problem of the One and Many. In other words, how do particulars relate to universals? This is a standard Van Tillian critique with a standard Van Tillian answer: only the Trinity can account for the One and the Many. That seems plausible enough. Unfortunately, it does not work. The One and the Many seeks to reconcile universal being (or universals) with bare particulars. The divine persons, however, are not bare particulars. Nor is it clear that the divine essence is a universal. Even if it is, the persons would be subsistences of that universal. Perhaps a subsistence can reconcile being and particulars, but it is not clear how.
In conclusion, this is a hand volume to have when consulting Marx’s historiography. It is light on economic analysis and its Van Tillianism does not do what it purports to do; viz, demonstrate how Trinitarian providence guides history in a way that Marx’s analysis cannot. Perhaps it can, but it was more stated than demonstrated.
September 26, 2018
This is the second book in the Great Thinkers series published by Presbyterian and Reformed. In the introduction to the series the editor Nathan Shannon tells us the threefold goal for each work in the series: First it is intended to be academically informed. Second it seeks to maintain a high standard of biblical and theological faithfulness. Third the series aim is to be accessible for readers without unnecessary difficult jargons and vocabulary. This particular work is written by Christian philosopher and apologist William D. Dennison. In this work Dennison examines and critiques the thought of Karl Marx the father of Communism. Reading this book in 2018 I realize that though Marx was born exactly two hundred years ago sadly his ideology has had a harmful impact even today. While this work is critical of Marx it also aim to be fair in accurately describing his beliefs.
The book is divided into five chapters. The first chapter is titled “Marx and the Marxian Tradition.” Here the author gives us an excellent survey of the various groups, streams and individuals who are Marxists. As I was reading the first chapter I thought about how this is a helpful introduction to the various “denominations” of Marxism and readers who want to study more of the academic thoughts of Marxism for research purposes would benefit in reading this chapter and using it as a reference. The second chapter is a biography of Marx’s life. Like the first chapter Dennison does a good job presenting the facts. The third chapter then zooms into Marx’s philosophy of history which is followed by the fourth chapter that is a Presuppositional apologetics’ critique of Marx’s view of history. The fifth chapter gives the author’s concluding remarks. The book also has a helpful glossary of Marx’s and Marxist terminology.
This book is quite academic. Those who are looking for soundbites or sensational attack on Marx would best look elsewhere. However if you want to see what a Christian author describing the view accurately of someone he’s critical of, this book definitely models it. In fact you have to get through sixty six percentage of the book before the author offers his critique of Karl Marx. Reading this book reminded me a lot of my college days when I actually had a Marxist professor; that’s how well the author presented Marx’s view. The author employs a critique from the perspective of Reformed Theology. Dennison uses Van Tillian framework in his critique though I wish he was able to do it in more details. I enjoyed the author pointing out how Marx’s view of history is eschatological; and how Marx believed the end determines and define the beginning. Yet Marx’s view of origin is unverifiable given his own admission of his finite speculation. Dennisson is right that if one unfold Marx’s eschatology one will discover Marx’s view of man’s salvation. Yet Dennison faults Marx for him not being able to see that his system in free the oppressed from their oppressor ends up having the system itself become the new oppressors. You see this played out empirically in history especially in the twentieth century. Again I wished the book could have offered more in terms of a critique and refutation but I am thankful this book contributed to the academic discussion and a unique Christian theological critique of Marxism.
NOTE: This book was provided to me free by P&R Publishing and Net Galley without any obligation for a positive review. All opinions offered above are mine unless otherwise stated or implied.
The book is divided into five chapters. The first chapter is titled “Marx and the Marxian Tradition.” Here the author gives us an excellent survey of the various groups, streams and individuals who are Marxists. As I was reading the first chapter I thought about how this is a helpful introduction to the various “denominations” of Marxism and readers who want to study more of the academic thoughts of Marxism for research purposes would benefit in reading this chapter and using it as a reference. The second chapter is a biography of Marx’s life. Like the first chapter Dennison does a good job presenting the facts. The third chapter then zooms into Marx’s philosophy of history which is followed by the fourth chapter that is a Presuppositional apologetics’ critique of Marx’s view of history. The fifth chapter gives the author’s concluding remarks. The book also has a helpful glossary of Marx’s and Marxist terminology.
This book is quite academic. Those who are looking for soundbites or sensational attack on Marx would best look elsewhere. However if you want to see what a Christian author describing the view accurately of someone he’s critical of, this book definitely models it. In fact you have to get through sixty six percentage of the book before the author offers his critique of Karl Marx. Reading this book reminded me a lot of my college days when I actually had a Marxist professor; that’s how well the author presented Marx’s view. The author employs a critique from the perspective of Reformed Theology. Dennison uses Van Tillian framework in his critique though I wish he was able to do it in more details. I enjoyed the author pointing out how Marx’s view of history is eschatological; and how Marx believed the end determines and define the beginning. Yet Marx’s view of origin is unverifiable given his own admission of his finite speculation. Dennisson is right that if one unfold Marx’s eschatology one will discover Marx’s view of man’s salvation. Yet Dennison faults Marx for him not being able to see that his system in free the oppressed from their oppressor ends up having the system itself become the new oppressors. You see this played out empirically in history especially in the twentieth century. Again I wished the book could have offered more in terms of a critique and refutation but I am thankful this book contributed to the academic discussion and a unique Christian theological critique of Marxism.
NOTE: This book was provided to me free by P&R Publishing and Net Galley without any obligation for a positive review. All opinions offered above are mine unless otherwise stated or implied.
October 31, 2018
The series introduction at the front of the book promises that this book contains "clear writing, relevant analysis, and incisive, constructive critique." That is, it explicitly says that it will avoid jargon for an uninstructed audience, and implicitly claims that it will treat Marx's arguments with charity, gleaning from them what is helpful and showing their worth to the culture. These promises are not followed.
Here are two excerpts, and I trust you will have read enough of the book.
-"Who was this man whose name ignited a tradition and an 'ism' using his name?" Search for a clumsier sentence in a supposedly scholarly work. You will have trouble finding one.
-"However, a critical examination of Marx exposes his thought to be the product of the seed of the serpent and the present evil age." How scholarly, how unbiased, how charitable. This indeed is 'constructive critique.'
I'm pretty disappointed 1. that I paid money for this, and 2. that Reformed Christians think it is a good idea to write and publish partisan, easy-answer Sunday School stuff like this.
Ugh, and now I feel brutal. I stand by everything I said above, but probably it's too harsh. Here, however, is the heart of the issue:
How many people from a Reformed background do you know who lean even a little bit left in politics? Have you heard some people worry that maybe Dr. Keller is getting a little bit left? When you consider the probable audience of this book (Reformed intellectuals), what you have is people who do not need help in considering Marx and Marxism in any of its forms to be an evil. And so this book is an exercise in helping us think what we think, which is unhelpful for actual thought. The series is called "Great Thinkers," and the books in the series should do their best to show why intelligent people of good will have been so stirred by the thoughts of these thinkers: show what is so alluring about their systems, not smash them as thoroughly as possible. And other than some timorous sounding thoughts that, yes, maybe the exploitation of workers in the interest of the moneyed few is a bad thing, this book does not attempt the feat.
Here are two excerpts, and I trust you will have read enough of the book.
-"Who was this man whose name ignited a tradition and an 'ism' using his name?" Search for a clumsier sentence in a supposedly scholarly work. You will have trouble finding one.
-"However, a critical examination of Marx exposes his thought to be the product of the seed of the serpent and the present evil age." How scholarly, how unbiased, how charitable. This indeed is 'constructive critique.'
I'm pretty disappointed 1. that I paid money for this, and 2. that Reformed Christians think it is a good idea to write and publish partisan, easy-answer Sunday School stuff like this.
Ugh, and now I feel brutal. I stand by everything I said above, but probably it's too harsh. Here, however, is the heart of the issue:
How many people from a Reformed background do you know who lean even a little bit left in politics? Have you heard some people worry that maybe Dr. Keller is getting a little bit left? When you consider the probable audience of this book (Reformed intellectuals), what you have is people who do not need help in considering Marx and Marxism in any of its forms to be an evil. And so this book is an exercise in helping us think what we think, which is unhelpful for actual thought. The series is called "Great Thinkers," and the books in the series should do their best to show why intelligent people of good will have been so stirred by the thoughts of these thinkers: show what is so alluring about their systems, not smash them as thoroughly as possible. And other than some timorous sounding thoughts that, yes, maybe the exploitation of workers in the interest of the moneyed few is a bad thing, this book does not attempt the feat.
April 24, 2020
Great introduction to the life and worldview of Karl Marx (and Friedrich Engels). I'll admit that I had a lot of misunderstandings about Marxism before reading, but many of those misunderstandings have been relinquished. Dennison (a professor of mine) does a great job of explaining the confusion surrounding "Marxism," the life of Karl Marx, his historical outlook on the direction and aim of history, and a Christian response to Marx's atheistic eschatological perspective. If you don't know much about Marx and Marxism, pick up this book and give it a read!
October 4, 2018
This volume gave me an increased understanding of the thinking/philosophy of Karl Marx. I especially appreciated learning more about his view of history, and the author did a good job of critically analyzing Marx from a biblical, Christian perspective.
Note: Somehow I had the impression that this book was supposed to be "accessible" to general readership. I think it would be rough sailing for most readers without some background in philosophy.
Note: Somehow I had the impression that this book was supposed to be "accessible" to general readership. I think it would be rough sailing for most readers without some background in philosophy.
July 23, 2021
Solid, introductory look at Marx and the basic presuppositions that drove his worldview. Helpful interactions with Biblical framework make this a useful resource for identifying and debunking his flaws.
July 2, 2020
Short helpful introduction to the life and thought of Karl Marx. If you're wondering why Marxism is antithetical to Christianity, this is a helpful little read.
January 25, 2018
I am a Marx novice, but wanted to get a proper introduction to a thinker whose work has left such an indelible and bloody mark on history. Marxist thought is also making a sweeping comeback in college campuses and in the new Left movement (particularly among the young)--class warfare, class oppression, elevation of the socio political to the primary, lumping the individual into the collective--all ring familiarly of Marx. For this reason I wanted to read an analysis of Marx from a Christian perspective to see where he, as well as the new movements, fall short.
Dennison gives a brief and academic analysis of the life and works of Karl Marx. He then charts Marx's view of history and followed by (my favorite part) a Christian Presuppositional Analysis of Marx's view of History. Interestingly enough we see that not all (key word all) of Marxist thought is downright evil. Marx observed vast injustice in his day through the division of labor--where the rich minority were only getting richer--and the unwashed masses were being used and exploited only to remain poor. He saw the introduction of the factory and the machine only further oppress the proletariat, as work hours were being extended and women and children were employed to likewise fuel the fires of industry. In light of this, Marx thinks of a "better way". He dares to imagine a world of true equality. A world where there is not private property, no financial classes, no division in population, and none of the historical slavery of a worker to his work.
In his critique, Dennison shows how Marx's desire for "heaven on earth" while rejecting all religion/supernatural desperately misses the mark. It was C. S. Lewis who said: "If you read history you will find that the Christians who did most for the present world were just those who thought most of the next...It is since Christians have largely ceased to think of the other world that they have become so ineffective in this. Aim at Heaven and you will get earth 'thrown in': aim at earth and you will get neither." Marx's communist utopia was undoubtedly aiming at earth, and for many nations around the world in the 20th century it quite literally created hell on earth. The opposite of his intensions.
What I think Marx missed most, however, was his deep misunderstanding of human nature. Dennison touches on this near the end of his critique--but it is more of a cursory point. Marx actually thought that if the economic issues could be fixed, if society could be corrected, if all inequalities could be leveled--then Utopia would be achieved. This is a fatal blunder in Marx's thinking, perhaps the most fatal, for if there is one thing history confirms it the brutally wicked nature of the human heart. At its core, it is humanity not society that is deeply flawed. It is we who are greedy, vengeful, violent--not just our external conditions. If all inequality could be solved (by some miracle), humanity would immediately ensure that it doesn't last for a moment--and society would spiral into new inequalities and injustices in the reverse.
All in all, Dennison's book is a good introduction to one of the most influential thinkers of all time. My criticism is that his prose is a little unnecessarily scholastic, and lacks a natural, comfortable flow. There were also a few things I wish he would have touched on more significantly (a brief Biblical view of private property, further explanation of the depravity of mankind), but all in all, this book definitely sparked my interest of getting into Marx a little deeper.
Dennison gives a brief and academic analysis of the life and works of Karl Marx. He then charts Marx's view of history and followed by (my favorite part) a Christian Presuppositional Analysis of Marx's view of History. Interestingly enough we see that not all (key word all) of Marxist thought is downright evil. Marx observed vast injustice in his day through the division of labor--where the rich minority were only getting richer--and the unwashed masses were being used and exploited only to remain poor. He saw the introduction of the factory and the machine only further oppress the proletariat, as work hours were being extended and women and children were employed to likewise fuel the fires of industry. In light of this, Marx thinks of a "better way". He dares to imagine a world of true equality. A world where there is not private property, no financial classes, no division in population, and none of the historical slavery of a worker to his work.
In his critique, Dennison shows how Marx's desire for "heaven on earth" while rejecting all religion/supernatural desperately misses the mark. It was C. S. Lewis who said: "If you read history you will find that the Christians who did most for the present world were just those who thought most of the next...It is since Christians have largely ceased to think of the other world that they have become so ineffective in this. Aim at Heaven and you will get earth 'thrown in': aim at earth and you will get neither." Marx's communist utopia was undoubtedly aiming at earth, and for many nations around the world in the 20th century it quite literally created hell on earth. The opposite of his intensions.
What I think Marx missed most, however, was his deep misunderstanding of human nature. Dennison touches on this near the end of his critique--but it is more of a cursory point. Marx actually thought that if the economic issues could be fixed, if society could be corrected, if all inequalities could be leveled--then Utopia would be achieved. This is a fatal blunder in Marx's thinking, perhaps the most fatal, for if there is one thing history confirms it the brutally wicked nature of the human heart. At its core, it is humanity not society that is deeply flawed. It is we who are greedy, vengeful, violent--not just our external conditions. If all inequality could be solved (by some miracle), humanity would immediately ensure that it doesn't last for a moment--and society would spiral into new inequalities and injustices in the reverse.
All in all, Dennison's book is a good introduction to one of the most influential thinkers of all time. My criticism is that his prose is a little unnecessarily scholastic, and lacks a natural, comfortable flow. There were also a few things I wish he would have touched on more significantly (a brief Biblical view of private property, further explanation of the depravity of mankind), but all in all, this book definitely sparked my interest of getting into Marx a little deeper.
April 7, 2025
4/5 I would recommend.
As Trueman put it in the foreword, this is a work for the neophyte on the subject of Marx and classical Marxism.
This work is not exhaustive about the details of Marxism, nor are Dennison’s criticisms exhaustive, but they are introductory. I believe that a relatively learned Christian who wanted to become introduced to Marxism should read this work. It has helped me become engaged with the subject matter. And while Dennison and I hold to differing views of apologetics, I feel like his criticisms of Marx were valid.
The two downsides to this book are as follows:
First, there are certain parts that lacked clarity on the subject matter. Understandably, there is great tension in writing about Marx—who was a prolific writer with views that developed throughout his career—and making it accessible. Nevertheless, it is apparent in this work. Further reading is necessary for one to feel confident that they have a better understanding of the subject matter.
Secondarily, some of the conclusions in his critique were slightly developed. Perhaps this was due to a presuppositional apologetic, but I felt like it could have been fleshed out more. I would have liked to have seen a greater Christian eschatology shown in a response to Marx—something that is better suited for the medium or writer rather than other forms of media.
Overall, I would recommend this book as a primer to the subject matter from a Christian perspective, but further reading is necessary.
As Trueman put it in the foreword, this is a work for the neophyte on the subject of Marx and classical Marxism.
This work is not exhaustive about the details of Marxism, nor are Dennison’s criticisms exhaustive, but they are introductory. I believe that a relatively learned Christian who wanted to become introduced to Marxism should read this work. It has helped me become engaged with the subject matter. And while Dennison and I hold to differing views of apologetics, I feel like his criticisms of Marx were valid.
The two downsides to this book are as follows:
First, there are certain parts that lacked clarity on the subject matter. Understandably, there is great tension in writing about Marx—who was a prolific writer with views that developed throughout his career—and making it accessible. Nevertheless, it is apparent in this work. Further reading is necessary for one to feel confident that they have a better understanding of the subject matter.
Secondarily, some of the conclusions in his critique were slightly developed. Perhaps this was due to a presuppositional apologetic, but I felt like it could have been fleshed out more. I would have liked to have seen a greater Christian eschatology shown in a response to Marx—something that is better suited for the medium or writer rather than other forms of media.
Overall, I would recommend this book as a primer to the subject matter from a Christian perspective, but further reading is necessary.
July 2, 2018
A nice introduction to Marx's thought that helped me to understand how some of his different works related to each other. Dennison stayed true to his goal of laying out Marx's understanding of history as found in the sources (at least as far as I could tell) before coming to his critical chapter at the end. I also got a deeper understanding of Marx's idea of the alienation of the product of labor from the laborer, and like Dennison I don't see what guarantee Marx could make that alienation wouldn't happen all over again even once history reached the ideal communist stage.
October 16, 2019
Dennison provides a valuable survey of Marxism, a brief biography, and a presuppositional critique. So, the book is as billed. I found it helpful, as a refresher for material I had read and forgotten, so for that purpose, it's excellent. As an intro, though, I wondered if there were moments it was inaccessible. Also, as another commenter said, it probably isn't the _most_ charitable reading of Marx and Marxism possible, and that means dropping a star or two.
May 11, 2018
Very brief and helpful intro to Marx’s life, the development of his ideas and worldview, and the presuppositions inherent to them.
August 17, 2019
Excellent review from a Reformed Protestant perspective
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January 22, 2023i still don’t know what dialectic means :/
February 4, 2018
A good introduction to Marx’s life, philosophy and beliefs from a Reformed Christian point of view. A little wordy and perhaps overly academic, but it does a fine job critiquing Marx both in theory and in observable failures in history, and contrasts it with a Biblical view of man and of eschatology.
February 16, 2026
Dennison is the only Presbyterian I trust to read Marx well. It was great and illuminating, with meaningful and non-cheesy extensions of Marx for Christian thinking.
September 3, 2020
A concise academic overview of Marxism concluded by a critique from a Reformed, presuppositional perspective.
Don’t be deceived by the book’s brevity: This is not a friendly introduction for the average Christian reader.
The book is split into four chapters. The first chapter is a scholarly tour through “the Marxian tradition” — what Marx said in his context and how his ideas have been retooled over the years. The second chapter is a short look at Marx’s life. The third chapter explains Marx’s philosophy of history. The fourth chapter argues Marx’s view of history is based on his own speculative presuppositions, which are antithetical to Christianity and incorrect.
I know little about Marx, but those final two chapters, making up about two thirds of the book, were really the only ones that I found helpful.
Don’t be deceived by the book’s brevity: This is not a friendly introduction for the average Christian reader.
The book is split into four chapters. The first chapter is a scholarly tour through “the Marxian tradition” — what Marx said in his context and how his ideas have been retooled over the years. The second chapter is a short look at Marx’s life. The third chapter explains Marx’s philosophy of history. The fourth chapter argues Marx’s view of history is based on his own speculative presuppositions, which are antithetical to Christianity and incorrect.
I know little about Marx, but those final two chapters, making up about two thirds of the book, were really the only ones that I found helpful.
November 13, 2017
If the volume on Marx by Bill Dennison is any indicator, the Critical Studies series from P&R is going to be a go-to resource for me for a long time. Dennison examines Marx's life, thought, and influence rather extensively for a volume just north of the 100-page mark. Easy to read but not watered-down, I remain far from an expert on Karl Marx but I am much more educated than I was a week ago.
ARC provided.
ARC provided.
January 1, 2022
There was not much analysis in this book. I think it is fair to say it was more an descriptive account than the author prescribing by interaction.
July 23, 2023
Good intro critique of Marx
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