In Double Standard, James W. Russell shows how and why different models of social and welfare policy developed in the United States and Europe. The fourth edition has been revised and updated throughout to reflect recent political developments that are having significant policy consequences, including the Brexit vote in the UK and the election of Donald Trump in the U.S. The fourth edition also features additional material on Karl Polanyi, European party politics, disability policy, and more.
Part One, “The Development of Social Policy,” discusses the factors that contributed to the different shapes of social policy in the U.S. and Europe. Part Two, “Key Social Policies,” considers how different counties have handled commons social problems including poverty, unemployment, child and family support, retirement and disability, health care, race and immigration, and incarceration. These different social policy orientations have produced disparate social ways of life—ways of life that are now in contention for the future of Western societies.
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I found this wonderful book in the “For Sale” rack at my local library. Consequently, it seems fitting that my biggest criticism of the book parallels my criticism for the work of Elizabeth Warren, Jared Bernstein, and others: why weren’t these issues being raised earlier? Well, of course, they were. And, the aforementioned folks were the ones raising them.
So then, a follow-on question arises: why hasn’t the average viewer / reader seen or heard about these issues until just before our financial crash? The answer, it seems, lies with the changes in our media, our culture, and our government that have occurred over the last 30 years or so—the very changes to which the aforementioned folks and this book calls attention. And so, like Warren’s work on bankruptcy and Bernstein’s work on poverty, Russell’s work on social policy has remained largely “in the weeds.”
Published two years before the financial crash of 2008, Russell’s book nevertheless, then and now, becomes necessary reading.
On the surface, his investigation seemingly compares and contrasts social policy between the United States and Europe. Yet, when he delves into the “whys” of the differences between them, the reader sees one fundamental difference underlying all those other attending differences—one which Russell hermeneutically traces back in history to the United States’ formation and Europe’s feudal heritage.
A sociologist, Russell makes his analysis not only with points from other sociologists / economists—Durkheim, Weber, and Marx, but also indirectly with past philosophers—Plato, Aristotle, and Hobbes. Additionally, the various tables of statistics, (for each social policy area), should be enough to alarm any American citizen. Yet, given recent history, alarm itself would seem a surprise.
True to his field, Russell rather makes no frantic plea. Rather, as his exploration / investigation takes into account two to three courses of action or “directions,” he returns to these to simply offer the reader the likely and logical possibilities. Indeed, we, the readers of these facts, become the agents for change—or not.
My only true critiques of this book are picayune: no mention of “The East” for perspective, a now out-of-date relay of public education, (that, too, is under attack from “free market” privatization), and health care, (“Obamacare” or the Affordable Care Act has passed, and is, at least for now, “holding” in place as law. Again, these are picayune points.
Finally, Russell’s exploration is absorbing, striking, and thought-provoking. Simply, this book is a "Must Read." A "Must Read" which should spur action.
As far as policy books go, this is pretty good. While the writer certainly has his own bias and POV, it is a good, basic comparison of the social policies in the US and Europe, including health care, education, elder care, employment, incarceration, and family policies.
Interesting points by this author. While he seems to have an apparent bias while reading this, I would still recommend reading for different ways of thinking of things.
Interesting and accessible. Good for anyone who wants to learn about social policy in Europe and the U.S. and the historical and cultural reasons why it's so different.