Clippings
A thousand beatings would have been better. In the Book of Revelation, God condemns cowards to spend eternity in a lake of fire alongside the “unbelieving and the abominable, and murderers and whoremongers and sorcerers and idolaters, and all liars.” In Dante’s Inferno, cowardly souls are so universally loathed, they aren’t even allowed into hell. They have to hover for eternity at its gates, barred from crossing the River Acheron, allowed neither in nor out, condemned for the sin of having no conviction, of living without “infamy or praise,” of never really having been alive at all. “These of death no hope may entertain,” Virgil tells Dante, urging him past the lowly band with their lamentations and moans, “and their blind life so meanly passes that all other lots they envy. Fame of them the world hath none, nor suffer. Mercy and Justice scorn them both.” Cowardice drains the life out of human beings; it turns them into shadows and makes them contemptible and hateful, something we turn away from instinctually.
John Marcher, the protagonist of Henry James’s “The Beast in the Jungle,” spends his entire life waiting for the arrival of the catastrophe he’s convinced he’s fated to experience, only to discover in the end that the calamity he was doomed to suffer was the realization that he’d wasted his life waiting for it. The Beast had lurked indeed, and the Beast, at its hour, had sprung.
An active amygdala under stress stimulates a region of the brain stem called the locus ceruleus to send noradrenaline to the prefrontal cortex, which becomes more active and focused.
Without alcohol life ceases to be stimulating or enjoyable. The glimmer is gone. Sufferers drink now not to get high but merely to feel normal. Some neuroscientists call this the “transition to the dark side.”
Boxers in Ancient Greece practiced sexual abstinence and extreme self-control, believing sperm was a source of masculinity and strength and not to be tossed away frivolously. Before fights, a boxer would tie up the foreskin of his penis with a small piece of string called a kynodesme to prove his restraint. Kleitomachos, a Theban fighter who won the boxing competition at the 216 and 212 BCE Olympic Games, was famous for his devotion to asceticism and sexual abstinence. Legend has it that he would refuse to participate in conversations about sex and even turned his head away when he saw dogs mating. Kynodesme is the Greek word for a dog’s leash.
Another side effect of all that dopamine and norepinephrine is the distortion of time called tachypsychia, from the Greek for “fast consciousness.” The mind is moving so quickly, the outside world slows down.
And all it took to wake it up was a willingness to risk the destruction of the body—to discover the soul through the body, like Walt Whitman! For the first time in my life I felt entirely undiminished and unchecked, unmitigated, untouched, beyond the reach of anxiety and self-awareness and even my own poisonous psychic influence to mar. Behold, the body includes and is the meaning, the main concern, and includes and is the soul.
Pankration, the ancient precursor to modern-day mixed martial arts, took its name from the Greek word for “all powers.” With its blend of boxing and wrestling, pankration was the toughest sport in a brutal age. Fights ended when one fighter surrendered, lost consciousness, or died. During one match in 564 BCE, champion Arrhachion of Philgaleia got caught in a chokehold and was about to slip into unconsciousness when he managed to wrench his opponent’s left ankle out of its socket. The pain was too much for Arrhachion’s opponent and he submitted. By the time the referee pulled Arrhachion from the chokehold, however, the champion was dead. The victory crown was placed on his corpse.