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Mind Over Money: The Psychology of Money and How To Use It Better
The acclaimed author of Time Warped tackles the very latest research in the fields of neuroscience, psychology, and biology to provide a fresh, fascinating, and thought-provoking look at our relationship with money—perfect for fans of Dan Ariely and Freakonomics.
We know we need money and we often want more of it, but we don’t always think about the way it affects our minds and our emotions, skews our perceptions and even changes the way we behave.
Award-winning BBC Radio 4 host Claudia Hammond delves into the surprising psychology of money to show us that our relationship with the stuff is more complex than we might think. Drawing on the latest research in psychology, neuroscience and behavioral economics, she draws an anatomy of the power it holds over us. She also reveals some simple and effective tricks that will help you use and save money better—from how being grumpy can stop you getting ripped off to why you should opt for the more expensive pain relief and why you should never offer to pay your friends for favors.
An eye-opening and entertaining investigation into the power money holds over us, Mind Over Money will change the way you view the cash in your wallet and the figures in your bank account forever.
We know we need money and we often want more of it, but we don’t always think about the way it affects our minds and our emotions, skews our perceptions and even changes the way we behave.
Award-winning BBC Radio 4 host Claudia Hammond delves into the surprising psychology of money to show us that our relationship with the stuff is more complex than we might think. Drawing on the latest research in psychology, neuroscience and behavioral economics, she draws an anatomy of the power it holds over us. She also reveals some simple and effective tricks that will help you use and save money better—from how being grumpy can stop you getting ripped off to why you should opt for the more expensive pain relief and why you should never offer to pay your friends for favors.
An eye-opening and entertaining investigation into the power money holds over us, Mind Over Money will change the way you view the cash in your wallet and the figures in your bank account forever.
384 pages, Paperback
First published June 7, 2016
274 people are currently reading
2903 people want to read
About the author
Claudia Hammond
15 books94 followersClaudia is an award-winning broadcaster, writer and psychology lecturer. She is the presenter of All in the Mind & Mind Changers on BBC Radio 4 and Health Check on BBC World Service Radio and BBC World News TV. She is a columnist for BBC.com and regularly appears on Impact on BBC World News to discuss research in psychology. Claudia is on the part-time faculty at Boston University's London base where she lectures in health and social psychology. She is an Associate Director of Hubbub - a 22 month residency examining the topic of rest at Wellcome Collection.
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Displaying 1 - 30 of 119 reviews
July 25, 2016
I did enjoy this book, and it highlighted for me some neat "tricks" to stopping myself from spending money, but this was a REALLY research heavy book. I think most people are ok with being told a fact, and having it backed up by one or two reference. This read like a dissertation where some poor student was proving that the earth was flat. Ms. Hammond, we get it, you do not need to spend PAGES proving a relatively simple point that MOST people would get behind with one research paper supporting it.
As another poster here said, just read the "tips" at the back of the book. If you do not believe Ms. Hammond, then go ahead and read the chapter heavy on research jargon and references to assure yourself that she is not pulling these facts out of the air.
As another poster here said, just read the "tips" at the back of the book. If you do not believe Ms. Hammond, then go ahead and read the chapter heavy on research jargon and references to assure yourself that she is not pulling these facts out of the air.
March 18, 2017
Geld ist ein faszinierender Gegenstand, mit dem eine Reihe von Emotionen verknüpft ist. Selbst Kinder, die den Geldwert noch nicht kennen, wissen bereits, dass man mit realem Geld umsichtig umgehen sollte. Zunächst dient das Zahlungsmittel als Versprechen, später damit konkrete Gegenstände oder Dienstleistungen kaufen zu können, die wir uns wünschen. Geld hat große Macht über unser Handeln, es zwingt uns zum Handeln. Doch die Motive, die Kaufentscheidungen steuern, sind selten rational. Warum wir uns darüber ärgern, wenn ein Billigflug sich als alles andere als preiswert herausstellt, ist ein Beispiel für die raffinierte Psychologie des Geldes. Geld spricht unser Belohnungssystem an und könnte darum als psychologische Droge definiert werden. Mit dieser Verhaltensökonomik befasst sich Claudia Hammond und zitiert dabei aus insgesamt 263 Studien.
Eine entscheidende Wende im Umgang mit Geld brachte ein Zahlungsversprechen, das durch Zahlung per Bank- oder Kreditkarte abgegeben wird. Welch unterschiedliche Emotionen Barkäufe im Gegensatz zu Kartenkäufen auslösen, darauf geht die Autorin ausführlich ein und gibt am Ende des Buches konkrete Tipps für den Umgang mit Geld. Zuvor geht es um unsere mentale Haushaltsplanung (den psychologischen Geldbeutel), die uns je nach „Fach“, dem wir Geld entnehmen, einen Kauf intuitiv als teuer oder preiswert empfinden lassen.
Gesteuert wird unser Handeln vom Endowment-Effekt, der eigenen Besitz wertvoller wirken lässt als den Marktpreis, den man noch dafür erzielen würde, von Bestätigungsfehlern, die uns annehmen lassen, ein teurer Artikel müsste aufgrund des Preises wertvoller oder wirkungsvoller sein als ein preiswerter Mitbewerber oder vom Kompromiss-Effekt, der uns mit einem Artikel aus dem mittleren Preissegment am zufriedensten sein lässt. Diese Zusammenhänge seien einfach zu durchschauen und deshalb sei unser Verhalten leicht zu verändern, so Claudia Hammond. Die zitierten Effekte sind alle ausgiebig erforscht. Teils liegen die zitierten Studien jedoch fast 40 Jahre zurück, was die Frage aufwirft, ob sie auf moderne Märkte mit Onlineshoppen und Online-Bezahlsystemen so einfach übertragbar sind oder ob Erhebungen zu Kaufverhalten von US-Amerikanern überhaupt auf europäische Verhältnisse übertragbar sind.
Weiter geht es u. a. um Wirksamkeit von Anreiz-Systemen, die eine Verhaltensänderung bewirken sollen. Der Einfluss von Prämien auf den Schulbesuch bildungsferner Schichten, Bereitschaft zu Impfungen, Blutspenden und das Thema Raucherentwöhnung wurden ausführlich erforscht. Anreiz-Systeme können das Gegenteil bewirken und die vorhandene intrinsische Motivation empfindlich stören. Im Zusammenhang mit Bonuszahlungen an Manager und Banker ist das ein höchst aktuelles Thema. Verhaltensökonomie ist zentraler Bestandteil der Armutsforschung; denn sie untersucht, wie falsche Entscheidungen unter Zeitdruck gerade bei knappem Einkommen in eine „geistige Armutsfalle“ locken können. Auch zum Zusammenhang zwischen Reichtum und Zufriedenheit, zwischen Materialismus und Einsamkeit, zu Spielsucht und Spendenbereitschaft hat Claudia Hammond entsprechende Studien aufgetan.
Die Ergebnisse der über 200 zitierten Studien zur Psychologie des Geldes sind teils älter als 30 Jahre und bereits aus der Presse bekannt. Vereinfacht dargestellten Studienergebnissen sollte stets ein gesundes Misstrauen entgegengebracht werden. Auch hier wird eine Studie zur Zufriedenheit zitiert, für die nur wenige Probanden befragt wurden. Solche wenig belastbaren Daten werden nicht repräsentativer, indem sie immer wieder zitiert werden.
Hammond hat Psychologie studiert und ist eine populäre Kolumnistin und Radioredakteurin. Statt der vielen angerissenen Themen und der Vielzahl bereits bekannter Studienergebnisse hätte mir eine Vertiefung weniger Themen mehr zugesagt. Generell fehlt mir im Buch ein Bezug zu Emotionen von Konsumenten von heute, die zwischen mehr Optionen zu entscheiden haben als nur zwischen Bargeld und Karte. Hammonds Buch wirkt populärwissenschaftlich mit Tendenz zum Boulevardjournalismus. Dieser Eindruck entsteht durch umgangssprachliche Ausdrücke (ganz schön, total = sehr), die m. A. die Stilebene eines Sachbuchs verlassen.
Eine entscheidende Wende im Umgang mit Geld brachte ein Zahlungsversprechen, das durch Zahlung per Bank- oder Kreditkarte abgegeben wird. Welch unterschiedliche Emotionen Barkäufe im Gegensatz zu Kartenkäufen auslösen, darauf geht die Autorin ausführlich ein und gibt am Ende des Buches konkrete Tipps für den Umgang mit Geld. Zuvor geht es um unsere mentale Haushaltsplanung (den psychologischen Geldbeutel), die uns je nach „Fach“, dem wir Geld entnehmen, einen Kauf intuitiv als teuer oder preiswert empfinden lassen.
Gesteuert wird unser Handeln vom Endowment-Effekt, der eigenen Besitz wertvoller wirken lässt als den Marktpreis, den man noch dafür erzielen würde, von Bestätigungsfehlern, die uns annehmen lassen, ein teurer Artikel müsste aufgrund des Preises wertvoller oder wirkungsvoller sein als ein preiswerter Mitbewerber oder vom Kompromiss-Effekt, der uns mit einem Artikel aus dem mittleren Preissegment am zufriedensten sein lässt. Diese Zusammenhänge seien einfach zu durchschauen und deshalb sei unser Verhalten leicht zu verändern, so Claudia Hammond. Die zitierten Effekte sind alle ausgiebig erforscht. Teils liegen die zitierten Studien jedoch fast 40 Jahre zurück, was die Frage aufwirft, ob sie auf moderne Märkte mit Onlineshoppen und Online-Bezahlsystemen so einfach übertragbar sind oder ob Erhebungen zu Kaufverhalten von US-Amerikanern überhaupt auf europäische Verhältnisse übertragbar sind.
Weiter geht es u. a. um Wirksamkeit von Anreiz-Systemen, die eine Verhaltensänderung bewirken sollen. Der Einfluss von Prämien auf den Schulbesuch bildungsferner Schichten, Bereitschaft zu Impfungen, Blutspenden und das Thema Raucherentwöhnung wurden ausführlich erforscht. Anreiz-Systeme können das Gegenteil bewirken und die vorhandene intrinsische Motivation empfindlich stören. Im Zusammenhang mit Bonuszahlungen an Manager und Banker ist das ein höchst aktuelles Thema. Verhaltensökonomie ist zentraler Bestandteil der Armutsforschung; denn sie untersucht, wie falsche Entscheidungen unter Zeitdruck gerade bei knappem Einkommen in eine „geistige Armutsfalle“ locken können. Auch zum Zusammenhang zwischen Reichtum und Zufriedenheit, zwischen Materialismus und Einsamkeit, zu Spielsucht und Spendenbereitschaft hat Claudia Hammond entsprechende Studien aufgetan.
Die Ergebnisse der über 200 zitierten Studien zur Psychologie des Geldes sind teils älter als 30 Jahre und bereits aus der Presse bekannt. Vereinfacht dargestellten Studienergebnissen sollte stets ein gesundes Misstrauen entgegengebracht werden. Auch hier wird eine Studie zur Zufriedenheit zitiert, für die nur wenige Probanden befragt wurden. Solche wenig belastbaren Daten werden nicht repräsentativer, indem sie immer wieder zitiert werden.
Hammond hat Psychologie studiert und ist eine populäre Kolumnistin und Radioredakteurin. Statt der vielen angerissenen Themen und der Vielzahl bereits bekannter Studienergebnisse hätte mir eine Vertiefung weniger Themen mehr zugesagt. Generell fehlt mir im Buch ein Bezug zu Emotionen von Konsumenten von heute, die zwischen mehr Optionen zu entscheiden haben als nur zwischen Bargeld und Karte. Hammonds Buch wirkt populärwissenschaftlich mit Tendenz zum Boulevardjournalismus. Dieser Eindruck entsteht durch umgangssprachliche Ausdrücke (ganz schön, total = sehr), die m. A. die Stilebene eines Sachbuchs verlassen.
August 1, 2017
The psychology of money is rapidly become an important area of research. While economists have tended to assume that we make rational decisions with our money, we're rapidly becoming aware that we really don't.
Mind Over Money is a compilation of the research on the psychology of money -- which is its greatest weakness, as well as its greatest strength. Almost every major research project on the subject is summarized in this book, often in only a few paragraphs, before jumping into the next project. In many cases there is some very interesting information. For example, I learned about:
Hedonic adaptation: We get used to our new situation, good or bad. People who won millions in the lottery are statistically not much happier than people who were paralyzed in mid-life. Riches don't equal happiness.
Retrieval inhibition: It's hard to retrieve information if you're overly focused on it. The exsample Hammond gives: If I ask you to name all 50 states of the U.S. from memory, you'll do a better job if I don't start you off by giving you Idaho and Alaska, because you'll be focused on Idaho and Alaska, and have a harder time retrieving the others. That's why poor people make worse financial decisions than rich people -- they're more focused on their money problems.
All fascinating. But there are times when the information overload is tough to deal with. For example: In one of the later chapters, where Hammond discusses charitable giving, I was left in quandary: Are rich people more generous than poor people? Less generous? Is the research unclear at this point? I left the chapter more confused than when I started.
But overall, this is a book that's worth your time. There are a number of psychological principles that, if you're aware of them, can help you be a better saver and investor. By the way, it would have been nice if Hammond had summarized those principles somewhere. The laundry list of Money Tips at the end doesn't do it. Still, I would strongly recommend this book.
Mind Over Money is a compilation of the research on the psychology of money -- which is its greatest weakness, as well as its greatest strength. Almost every major research project on the subject is summarized in this book, often in only a few paragraphs, before jumping into the next project. In many cases there is some very interesting information. For example, I learned about:
Hedonic adaptation: We get used to our new situation, good or bad. People who won millions in the lottery are statistically not much happier than people who were paralyzed in mid-life. Riches don't equal happiness.
Retrieval inhibition: It's hard to retrieve information if you're overly focused on it. The exsample Hammond gives: If I ask you to name all 50 states of the U.S. from memory, you'll do a better job if I don't start you off by giving you Idaho and Alaska, because you'll be focused on Idaho and Alaska, and have a harder time retrieving the others. That's why poor people make worse financial decisions than rich people -- they're more focused on their money problems.
All fascinating. But there are times when the information overload is tough to deal with. For example: In one of the later chapters, where Hammond discusses charitable giving, I was left in quandary: Are rich people more generous than poor people? Less generous? Is the research unclear at this point? I left the chapter more confused than when I started.
But overall, this is a book that's worth your time. There are a number of psychological principles that, if you're aware of them, can help you be a better saver and investor. By the way, it would have been nice if Hammond had summarized those principles somewhere. The laundry list of Money Tips at the end doesn't do it. Still, I would strongly recommend this book.
April 23, 2021
This is a nerd book for those who like psychology and enjoy summaries of psychological studies. It's a bunch of psychology reports about finances, how people spend their money and their thoughts on money. Who of my friends might enjoy it? Not sure, but I'm glad I read it! I think you can pick up some tips on how to manage your money but also some insight on your relationship with money and how companies try to get you to spend/donate.
July 19, 2021
С това заглавие и корица не вдъхваше доверие като нещо кой знае какво, но се оказа интересна книга, в която авторката беше събрала сигурно всички проучвания, които някога са правени, свързани с парите и как влияят на хората. :)
Имаше любопитни неща. Беше се постарала от всяка страна да разгледа идеята за парите и как "общуваме" с тях и как ги възприемаме. За съжаление, не са много запомнящи се нещата. Обикновено в подобен тип книги винаги намирам нещо, което да изпъкне над останалите неща, но тук - ми се губи поуката. Може би защото доста неща ми бяха познати като концепция, за други - просто не ми пукаше, а може би защото усещах, че е внимателна в изказа си. Не знам конкретно, но не ме остави с добро усещане.
Интересно беше да се прочете, но няма да си променя мнението, че парите може щастие да не ти купуват, ама поне ще си нещастен в комфорт. :)
Имаше любопитни неща. Беше се постарала от всяка страна да разгледа идеята за парите и как "общуваме" с тях и как ги възприемаме. За съжаление, не са много запомнящи се нещата. Обикновено в подобен тип книги винаги намирам нещо, което да изпъкне над останалите неща, но тук - ми се губи поуката. Може би защото доста неща ми бяха познати като концепция, за други - просто не ми пукаше, а може би защото усещах, че е внимателна в изказа си. Не знам конкретно, но не ме остави с добро усещане.
Интересно беше да се прочете, но няма да си променя мнението, че парите може щастие да не ти купуват, ама поне ще си нещастен в комфорт. :)
June 1, 2016
First Impression: I always enjoy a good piece about money, most of us love money, all of us use it as a tool to achieve what we want in life. Claudia puts together a collection of insights into the psychology of money with the intention of teaching us how achieve mind over money. Thank you to Net Galley for sending this book to me in exchange for an honest review.
Summary Of The Book:
Come and join Claudia Hammond on a journey through the rough psychological landscape that is our relationship with money. CH wants to show us what is going on behind the scenes when we interact with money, unravelling the relationship between our money and our minds.
First we begin with controversy, a couple of famous people setting fire to a million pounds in cash for an artistic stunt. Outrage follows as that money could have been used for good, to feed the poor, bought housing or a million other things. The money represents opportunities, it represents effort and it represents many other emotions and opinions that we as people have. This is the overall theme of this material and it brings to light many habits and behaviours that we involve ourselves in every day without thinking properly.
CH talks through all aspects of our feelings and interactions with cold hard dosh. How we feel about cash over credit. How we treat new, fresh money better than old tatty notes. How we develop a relationship with money as children. The changing of currency within nations. How the rich can be very mean and charity is a complex art form. Mind Over Money displays all of the psychological, philosophical, economical and existential elements that come with using money as a tool in life.
CH covers over 200 psychological/behavioural experiments in this book. It is a thorough and engaging piece of Non-Fiction and if you do not really grasp why we behave like we do around money then this is a book you should definitely add to your reading list.
My Review:
I enjoy the subject of money, it is a psychological buffet of a subject and we humans can behave really badly when it comes to money. It is true that we also behave well with money but people often relate to the darker side of cash and there is plenty of that here.
First off the format of this book was my favourite thing about it. Clear cut chapters with a helpful summary displayed ahead of each one. The same descriptions are included on the contents page and it really helps give your mind a head start in comprehending this book nicely. In terms of the content I found that CH was trying to make small neat little points in a quick fire pattern instead of building up to a big revelation or insight. That style made it easier to finish but also left my brain hungry for a big AHA moment which I never got.
If you read plenty of psychology books then I say say you should pass on this. There are big chunks of the book that feature in some way or another across similar titles in its field and I don't feel CH did much to revitalise the genre. If you have no knowledge of psychology or how money influences your actions then by all means tuck in. It is not a terrible effort, but it is mainly a collection of scientific research with the thoughts and opinions of a popular entertainer threaded throughout. This leaves the more seasoned psychology readers with a deflated sense of wasted time, the amusing bits are not that amusing and sometimes the author can get slightly off topic. That said CH is not claiming to be a expert in the field of money, this is more of a grand news piece on the subject of us and money.
Overall this is a decent read, it does not take itself too seriously, its not ground breaking but if your new to the subject then its a good window into how psychologists work to determine human behaviour in an unbiased environment (it can be near impossible). CH is a competent writer and host on this expedition through our greedy minds, but the banter between research for me was a bit cringe worthy at times.
5/10
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Summary Of The Book:
Come and join Claudia Hammond on a journey through the rough psychological landscape that is our relationship with money. CH wants to show us what is going on behind the scenes when we interact with money, unravelling the relationship between our money and our minds.
First we begin with controversy, a couple of famous people setting fire to a million pounds in cash for an artistic stunt. Outrage follows as that money could have been used for good, to feed the poor, bought housing or a million other things. The money represents opportunities, it represents effort and it represents many other emotions and opinions that we as people have. This is the overall theme of this material and it brings to light many habits and behaviours that we involve ourselves in every day without thinking properly.
CH talks through all aspects of our feelings and interactions with cold hard dosh. How we feel about cash over credit. How we treat new, fresh money better than old tatty notes. How we develop a relationship with money as children. The changing of currency within nations. How the rich can be very mean and charity is a complex art form. Mind Over Money displays all of the psychological, philosophical, economical and existential elements that come with using money as a tool in life.
CH covers over 200 psychological/behavioural experiments in this book. It is a thorough and engaging piece of Non-Fiction and if you do not really grasp why we behave like we do around money then this is a book you should definitely add to your reading list.
My Review:
I enjoy the subject of money, it is a psychological buffet of a subject and we humans can behave really badly when it comes to money. It is true that we also behave well with money but people often relate to the darker side of cash and there is plenty of that here.
First off the format of this book was my favourite thing about it. Clear cut chapters with a helpful summary displayed ahead of each one. The same descriptions are included on the contents page and it really helps give your mind a head start in comprehending this book nicely. In terms of the content I found that CH was trying to make small neat little points in a quick fire pattern instead of building up to a big revelation or insight. That style made it easier to finish but also left my brain hungry for a big AHA moment which I never got.
If you read plenty of psychology books then I say say you should pass on this. There are big chunks of the book that feature in some way or another across similar titles in its field and I don't feel CH did much to revitalise the genre. If you have no knowledge of psychology or how money influences your actions then by all means tuck in. It is not a terrible effort, but it is mainly a collection of scientific research with the thoughts and opinions of a popular entertainer threaded throughout. This leaves the more seasoned psychology readers with a deflated sense of wasted time, the amusing bits are not that amusing and sometimes the author can get slightly off topic. That said CH is not claiming to be a expert in the field of money, this is more of a grand news piece on the subject of us and money.
Overall this is a decent read, it does not take itself too seriously, its not ground breaking but if your new to the subject then its a good window into how psychologists work to determine human behaviour in an unbiased environment (it can be near impossible). CH is a competent writer and host on this expedition through our greedy minds, but the banter between research for me was a bit cringe worthy at times.
5/10
Join Us On:
Amazon UK/US
Goodreads
Bookbridgr
Net Galley
And of course www.alwaystrustinbooks.blogspot.co.uk
This entire review has been hidden because of spoilers.
October 6, 2018
This book has snippets of information that are interesting and useful but it weaves a poor narrative and required effort to get through it. In particular, the final chapter felt like the author had given up and just threw a hastily gathered list together.
A few of the more interesting points:
- People create different "mental accounts" for spending money (e.g. holiday account e.t.c.). These can have a powerful influence over how we spend money. For sales this probably means that a product or service should be aligned with the most spendthrift (probably profit making) mental account that a buyer has in mind.
- Mental account of having a car when living in a city versus taking taxis and hiring cars which feel like more of a loss. This means we are overly influenced by "owning" things even if the asset maintenance costs are prohibitive.
- Loss aversion is prevalent in people's attitudes to money. Lots of quotes related to Kahneman's work but also a theory that for cavemen to lose their winter stores was more critical than gaining extra winter stores hence our preference for loss aversion.
- Price context has a big factor on finding value. Examples include buying a car and not haggling over the cost of a tank of fuel when we would research the difference in flight prices for hours.
- Anchoring effects on salaries impact people's motivation. If they see their peers or their friends on more money they will feel bad if they don't get an increase in salary.
- Introducing payment for services means that people immediately begrudge providing the same services for free. People may even begrudge providing the services at all as it makes them consider the monetary value of the services when previously they hadn't done this and they may then feel undervalued.
- Pocket money shouldn't be made contingent on completing tasks as this make children less likely to volunteer altruistically.
- The richer the person the more benefit they will get by spending their money on experiences rather than things.
A few of the more interesting points:
- People create different "mental accounts" for spending money (e.g. holiday account e.t.c.). These can have a powerful influence over how we spend money. For sales this probably means that a product or service should be aligned with the most spendthrift (probably profit making) mental account that a buyer has in mind.
- Mental account of having a car when living in a city versus taking taxis and hiring cars which feel like more of a loss. This means we are overly influenced by "owning" things even if the asset maintenance costs are prohibitive.
- Loss aversion is prevalent in people's attitudes to money. Lots of quotes related to Kahneman's work but also a theory that for cavemen to lose their winter stores was more critical than gaining extra winter stores hence our preference for loss aversion.
- Price context has a big factor on finding value. Examples include buying a car and not haggling over the cost of a tank of fuel when we would research the difference in flight prices for hours.
- Anchoring effects on salaries impact people's motivation. If they see their peers or their friends on more money they will feel bad if they don't get an increase in salary.
- Introducing payment for services means that people immediately begrudge providing the same services for free. People may even begrudge providing the services at all as it makes them consider the monetary value of the services when previously they hadn't done this and they may then feel undervalued.
- Pocket money shouldn't be made contingent on completing tasks as this make children less likely to volunteer altruistically.
- The richer the person the more benefit they will get by spending their money on experiences rather than things.
March 18, 2018
“Geld maakt niet gelukkig”, klinkt het gezegde. “Maar het helpt wel”, hoor je vaak als antwoord. De auteur beschrijft via onderzoeksresultaten hoe geld consumptie en sparen beïnvloedt. Hoe kinderen te belonen en onderhandelingen in te zetten. Het boek is soms wat te langdradig en te weinig praktisch, maar komt hier en daar wel tot opmerkelijke besluiten.
February 2, 2017
I received this book thanks to a Goodreads giveaway.
At first I found the subject matter interesting, but at a certain point, I found it harder and harder to stay interested. Maybe I just had an overload of information.
At first I found the subject matter interesting, but at a certain point, I found it harder and harder to stay interested. Maybe I just had an overload of information.
October 19, 2019
The author has tried to combine lot of great research into everything related to money. Not as much practical advice as I expected, but the sheer volume of condensed insights in this book makes it 4star worthy.
January 19, 2022
Some interesting topics and discussions of experiments, but overall it was a chore to get through. I skimmed through a good portion. And completely skipped the last half. The entire book is basically summed up in chapter 15 “money tips”.
October 18, 2020
The book is about our relationship with money, explained through experiments, researches, and the author’s own experiences. I found some of the findings very interesting especially that most of the schemes are of real life situations. To me, the structure of the chapters keeps being repeated made it boring at times and towards the end of the book. Overall, I read this for work but I enjoyed the read and the moments of reflection after each interesting conclusion.
February 15, 2022
Well worth a ready or listen. Was interesting to learn more about the psychology of money. A lot is clarifies what we intrinsically know about money. There were some very interesting points raised. Especially around the rich, and potential improvements that can be made to monetary policy.
I highly recommend.
I highly recommend.
February 24, 2023
Might sound cliché but it was a great book to make me reflect on how money influence our daily life! Wanted to shout out to Audrie who keeps reminding me of this wonderful app haha🤭♥️
May 2, 2020
The author makes this a fun book to read - contains most of the brain biases and salient studies on how your brain looks at money.
if you haven't read these kinds of books already choose this one.
if you haven't read these kinds of books already choose this one.
November 10, 2024
Claudia did not disappoint me, which is probably why she remains one of my favorite authors. Her writing is to the point, objective, evidence-based, and thoroughly researched. The book is well-organized, making it an engaging and insightful read.
I tend to enjoy books in this genre, which might explain why I appreciate Claudia's work so much. For me, this is a solid read—though, as a disclaimer, it’s best suited for those who enjoy this type of content.
I tend to enjoy books in this genre, which might explain why I appreciate Claudia's work so much. For me, this is a solid read—though, as a disclaimer, it’s best suited for those who enjoy this type of content.
November 21, 2016
This book was definitely worth the read. I have an interest in behavioral economics but I am not a specialist, so I was familiar with a number of the topics discussed and the observations made by the author, but the author also covered some topics with which I was not familiar that I found very interesting. A good example of this was the discussion of poverty and its likely impact an individual's approach to making economic decisions.
I think I will always remember the author's suggestion not to pick the same lottery number every time you play the lottery. While not mentioned in the book, I have heard of a real life situation that highlights the downside of almost always picking the same number.
This book is a good primer on a number of the social and physiological experiments that have been done concerning how we think about and use money.
I think I will always remember the author's suggestion not to pick the same lottery number every time you play the lottery. While not mentioned in the book, I have heard of a real life situation that highlights the downside of almost always picking the same number.
This book is a good primer on a number of the social and physiological experiments that have been done concerning how we think about and use money.
January 7, 2018
An excellent, informative, entertaining and thought provoking read, this really has made me reevaluate the way I think about money. Referencing numerous medical and psychological studies, the author looks at how we become attached to money , both as a concept and in its physical form, from a very young age, how we can let it motivate us, and surprisingly how it can demotivate us too. Though relatively short, the author packs in a lot of information, in an easily digestible user friendly form and looks at the psychology of things like spending and saving patterns, gambling, sales and pricing and at the end sums up her findings in a list of handy tips, some more useful than others. I found the chapter on poverty particularly interesting and at times disturbing, while the one about how we all think about money on a day to day basis was fascinating.
January 10, 2020
Das Buch hält nicht, was es verspricht. Nachdem sich mein erster Eindruck nach fast 100 Seiten von anderen Rezensionen hat bestätigen lassen, habe ich das Buch zur Seite gelegt und werde es auch nicht zu Ende lesen. Erst im letzten Kapitel sind einige praktische Tipps im Umgang mit Geld aufgezählt, welche die Autorin aus den ganzen Studien ableitet, die sie auf über 400 Seiten nennt. Mich hat das Ganze zumindest nicht beeindruckt: weder die teilweise nicht-reproduzierbaren oder uneindeutigen Studien, noch die Tatsache, dass dieses Vorgehen nicht dem Klappentext entspricht. Wer sich wirklich für einzelne psychologische Studien interessiert und Informationen über die Geschichte des Geldes will, für den ist das das richtige Buch - daher auch zwei Sterne. Wer sich praktische Tipps für seine Finanzen wünscht, der ist hier an der falschen Adresse.
June 26, 2019
Lo approccio convinto sia il solito manualetto sul comesifà ("Ok, lo classifico in Formazione").
Leggendo le prime pagine ne scopro un trattato sul denaro in generale ("Ok, lo classifico in Saggistica")
A metà strada mi accorgo che è focalizzato su come ragiona la mente del consumatore ("Ok, lo classifico in Psicologia").
[...]
Probabilmente finirà in "Bookshelves - Impermanenti".
Leggendo le prime pagine ne scopro un trattato sul denaro in generale ("Ok, lo classifico in Saggistica")
A metà strada mi accorgo che è focalizzato su come ragiona la mente del consumatore ("Ok, lo classifico in Psicologia").
[...]
Probabilmente finirà in "Bookshelves - Impermanenti".
March 7, 2022
DNF.
It started out kind of fun, but it just turned into one research summary after another without any commentary about what conclusion I’m supposed to draw. Maybe someone would say I should draw my own conclusions, but really don’t have the mental fortitude or desire to do that when I’m reading books for pleasure.
It started out kind of fun, but it just turned into one research summary after another without any commentary about what conclusion I’m supposed to draw. Maybe someone would say I should draw my own conclusions, but really don’t have the mental fortitude or desire to do that when I’m reading books for pleasure.
February 27, 2019
very boring
December 31, 2019
I learned a lot about money and the impact it has on us.
November 18, 2024
A topic that I have high interest in: the concept and history of money, and our relationship with it.
The fact is ultimately that at a large scale for most, money evokes strong feelings in us, despite paper money in itself being valueless. This book tries to be a comprehensive exploration of the psychological aspects of our relationship with money. It delves into various studies, experiments, and real-life examples to provide insights into how we think about, use, and are influenced by money.
We all imbue money with meaning. We imagine what we could do with it or how it could make our lives easier, happier and more powerful. We resent others who have more of it, and we mourn the times we've lost it. Money affects our lives so much that many yearn to enter a currency-free utopia.
The book confirms something I suspected/felt but couldn't quite get a confirmation of until now: our relationship with money begins in childhood. The impact of pocket money/allowances, parental attitudes toward money shape children's future financial habits, the role of early experiences in forming our emotional connections to money etc.
Another point I found useful regarding my own financial journey is the concept of irrational optimism, which means that we're consistently putting off saving till a hypothetical tomorrow, one where we'll be earning big and have steely financial discipline. However, the truth is that behaviour is very hard to change. The best indicator we have for how we'll handle money in the future is how we're dealing with it right now - and in my case that's like a ship stuck in the middle of the ocean with cargo and no compass, so probably my upcoming lectures will focus on investing strategies and practices.
Another new one for me was the concept of relative thinking, which involves us ascribing a different value to money in relation to the total amount we're about to spend. In simple terms, I find that time and place alters perception. Another item that heavily influences perception and this includes perception of money too is the immortal confirmation bias (which often can be interchanged with the placebo effect in certain trials haha).
The book is really vast, exploring the concept of altruism, remuneration for voluntary or surprise tasks, overpaying repetitive tasks, meaning and productivity, happiness, and so on.
Probably last trivial takeaway for me was not thanking a favor from a friend with cash, but with another action of connectivity. All in all a pretty useful read for me.
The fact is ultimately that at a large scale for most, money evokes strong feelings in us, despite paper money in itself being valueless. This book tries to be a comprehensive exploration of the psychological aspects of our relationship with money. It delves into various studies, experiments, and real-life examples to provide insights into how we think about, use, and are influenced by money.
We all imbue money with meaning. We imagine what we could do with it or how it could make our lives easier, happier and more powerful. We resent others who have more of it, and we mourn the times we've lost it. Money affects our lives so much that many yearn to enter a currency-free utopia.
The book confirms something I suspected/felt but couldn't quite get a confirmation of until now: our relationship with money begins in childhood. The impact of pocket money/allowances, parental attitudes toward money shape children's future financial habits, the role of early experiences in forming our emotional connections to money etc.
Another point I found useful regarding my own financial journey is the concept of irrational optimism, which means that we're consistently putting off saving till a hypothetical tomorrow, one where we'll be earning big and have steely financial discipline. However, the truth is that behaviour is very hard to change. The best indicator we have for how we'll handle money in the future is how we're dealing with it right now - and in my case that's like a ship stuck in the middle of the ocean with cargo and no compass, so probably my upcoming lectures will focus on investing strategies and practices.
Another new one for me was the concept of relative thinking, which involves us ascribing a different value to money in relation to the total amount we're about to spend. In simple terms, I find that time and place alters perception. Another item that heavily influences perception and this includes perception of money too is the immortal confirmation bias (which often can be interchanged with the placebo effect in certain trials haha).
The book is really vast, exploring the concept of altruism, remuneration for voluntary or surprise tasks, overpaying repetitive tasks, meaning and productivity, happiness, and so on.
Probably last trivial takeaway for me was not thanking a favor from a friend with cash, but with another action of connectivity. All in all a pretty useful read for me.
November 26, 2022
Great book, lots of super interesting research. Some of it is very practical. Some things have surprised me, for example, that poor people make worse decisions.
Some practical tips (also at the end of the book):
1. Buy snacks with cash
2. When you're about to buy something on a credit card, imagine that you'll have to take money out of a cash machine and if you're happy to, buy it
3. More expensive wine will taste better just because of perception. Cheap wine disguised as
4. More expensive pain relief even if it's the same as the cheap brand - it will lead to more effective pain relief.
5. Choose an expensive all-you-can-eat buffet over a cheap one, you'll enjoy it more and you'll feel less full.
6. "spend a little time" on a market stall to attract more people
7. Don't let the expensive goods sway you towards the middle product. Imagine the product in your own home.
8. In the valuation always give your price first unless you have no idea what price is appropriate
9. Don't pay children for better grades
10. Never offer to pay friends for favors, invite them for coffee instead
11. Don't bribe the residents for waste plants.
12. Remind yourself about the stuff you own often, and how much better it is than it's your previous one.
13. When looking to ask for money, don't imply it's an investment
14. Appreciate that the same patterns repeat with savings, and find a way to work with them, you'll save more.
15. We always think our behaviors will change in the future or we'll earn more, that's why we don't save as much now.
16. If you come into a lot of money, don't increase your spending straight away, do it gradually and you'll enjoy it more.
17. The money will feel less accessible if your bank account's name's location is further away physically.
18. For charity fundraisers, choose children that don't look as pretty and make families look like they are trying to help themselves rather than helpless
19. Buy experiences rather than material goods, or buy material goods that will make you good memories.
20. Buy memorable treats.
21. If you're paid by the hour, don't calculate the money you've lost if you're volunteering
Some practical tips (also at the end of the book):
1. Buy snacks with cash
2. When you're about to buy something on a credit card, imagine that you'll have to take money out of a cash machine and if you're happy to, buy it
3. More expensive wine will taste better just because of perception. Cheap wine disguised as
4. More expensive pain relief even if it's the same as the cheap brand - it will lead to more effective pain relief.
5. Choose an expensive all-you-can-eat buffet over a cheap one, you'll enjoy it more and you'll feel less full.
6. "spend a little time" on a market stall to attract more people
7. Don't let the expensive goods sway you towards the middle product. Imagine the product in your own home.
8. In the valuation always give your price first unless you have no idea what price is appropriate
9. Don't pay children for better grades
10. Never offer to pay friends for favors, invite them for coffee instead
11. Don't bribe the residents for waste plants.
12. Remind yourself about the stuff you own often, and how much better it is than it's your previous one.
13. When looking to ask for money, don't imply it's an investment
14. Appreciate that the same patterns repeat with savings, and find a way to work with them, you'll save more.
15. We always think our behaviors will change in the future or we'll earn more, that's why we don't save as much now.
16. If you come into a lot of money, don't increase your spending straight away, do it gradually and you'll enjoy it more.
17. The money will feel less accessible if your bank account's name's location is further away physically.
18. For charity fundraisers, choose children that don't look as pretty and make families look like they are trying to help themselves rather than helpless
19. Buy experiences rather than material goods, or buy material goods that will make you good memories.
20. Buy memorable treats.
21. If you're paid by the hour, don't calculate the money you've lost if you're volunteering
November 24, 2024
The Psychology of Money by Morgan Housel is an incredible exploration of how our psychology influences financial decisions. Here are the key takeaways that resonated with me and will serve as a personal reference for years to come:
1. Rational vs. Psychological Decisions: While we strive to make rational decisions about money, most of our choices are deeply psychological. Consumerism often tricks us into chasing things we don’t need, like a new car, to compete with others. It’s essential to set a goalpost for what you want and resist constantly moving it.
2. Compounding is Sacred: One of the most critical lessons is to let compounding do its work. If you’re investing a set amount, don’t withdraw it or disrupt the compounding process. Let it grow over time without interference—just invest and leave it alone.
3. Freedom and Control: Money’s greatest value isn’t in buying luxury items but in giving you freedom and control over your time. Being able to buy back your time and make choices is one of the best “dividends” money pays.
4. Wealth is What You Don’t See: True wealth isn’t flashy. Rich people may show off their wealth, but often, it’s just for appearances. Real wealth is in financial security and what you’ve saved, not what you spend.
5. Reasonable, Not Rational: Decisions about money don’t always have to be perfectly rational—they should be reasonable. Save consistently because the future is unpredictable. Whether it’s a pandemic or an alien invasion, having a buffer can make all the difference.
6. Personal Savings Goals: A practical note for myself—maintain six to eight months of living expenses in savings and keep a portion (e.g., four months’ worth) in cash. This ensures I’m prepared even if banks fail or investments take a hit. Having around $10,000 in savings is a good personal target for peace of mind.
In summary, the book reminds me to save consistently, avoid lifestyle inflation, and let compounding work its magic. These principles aren’t just about building wealth—they’re about building freedom and resilience for the future. I hope this serves as a helpful reminder when I look back on this review years from now.
1. Rational vs. Psychological Decisions: While we strive to make rational decisions about money, most of our choices are deeply psychological. Consumerism often tricks us into chasing things we don’t need, like a new car, to compete with others. It’s essential to set a goalpost for what you want and resist constantly moving it.
2. Compounding is Sacred: One of the most critical lessons is to let compounding do its work. If you’re investing a set amount, don’t withdraw it or disrupt the compounding process. Let it grow over time without interference—just invest and leave it alone.
3. Freedom and Control: Money’s greatest value isn’t in buying luxury items but in giving you freedom and control over your time. Being able to buy back your time and make choices is one of the best “dividends” money pays.
4. Wealth is What You Don’t See: True wealth isn’t flashy. Rich people may show off their wealth, but often, it’s just for appearances. Real wealth is in financial security and what you’ve saved, not what you spend.
5. Reasonable, Not Rational: Decisions about money don’t always have to be perfectly rational—they should be reasonable. Save consistently because the future is unpredictable. Whether it’s a pandemic or an alien invasion, having a buffer can make all the difference.
6. Personal Savings Goals: A practical note for myself—maintain six to eight months of living expenses in savings and keep a portion (e.g., four months’ worth) in cash. This ensures I’m prepared even if banks fail or investments take a hit. Having around $10,000 in savings is a good personal target for peace of mind.
In summary, the book reminds me to save consistently, avoid lifestyle inflation, and let compounding work its magic. These principles aren’t just about building wealth—they’re about building freedom and resilience for the future. I hope this serves as a helpful reminder when I look back on this review years from now.
July 25, 2018
There are many psychological experiments that we could already know about "Delayed gratification", this seems to be a big component of being able to be successful in the future. According to some researches, they testes on kids and observed for few decades to see the kids' performance on study and career, those who have patience to wait in order to get bigger rewards seem to be more rational on money and richer in life.
目录 · · · · · ·
引 言 VII
第 1 章 从摇篮到坟墓 1
金钱与大脑 3
见钱眼开的孩子 8
为一把鲁特琴而存钱 11
银行、商店、强盗和牙仙 15
零花钱的作用 18
对抗死亡的药物 20
第 2 章 攥紧钱 23
口袋里的金钱 28
如何才能不仅仅让老奶奶试图明白这一点 30
为什么我们不喜欢货币的形式被改变？ 33
现金还是刷卡 41
第 3 章 心理账户 47
一切都是相对的 49
心理钱袋 52
结账 57
第 4 章 保有 59
猴子的买卖 63
玩彩票时减少损失的最好方法 66
拥有的力量 68
第 5 章 价格公道 73
旧瓶装新酒 75
能量饮料、头疼药、自助餐 80
情感思维 82
为什么不能妥协，却经常妥协，而且毫不后悔？ 84
令人痛苦的价格 88
我丈夫为何在我生日时给他自己买了一件皮夹克？ 89
参照思维 91
起锚 92
控制住锚 97
关于零钱的几点建议 100
第 6 章 钱是动力吗？ 107
吊在单杠上和飞奔着赶火车 109
按成果发奖励 112
献血奖励 116
金钱会使你戒除坏习惯吗？ 121
戒除吸食可卡因的习惯 124
钻空子 127
第 7 章 只不过是报酬而已 131
长期以来的争议 133
赞扬的作用 136
争议 139
钱多压力大 144
挤出效应 150
第 8 章 给银行高管的贴士 155
为什么高薪会有坏作用？ 157
小心“不良奖金怪圈”159
第 9 章 钱，钱，钱 167
守财奴与挥金如土的人 171
中彩票 178
一个关于幸福的悖论 183
物质主义的好与坏 186
第 10 章 思维贫乏 191
轻视穷人 193
对金钱的担忧会使你的智力下降 200
发薪日贷款及隧道视野 202
脑力贫困陷阱 206
贫穷与大脑 208
第 11 章 钱之恶 211
自私自利还是自给自足？ 213
财富和孩子优先（或者说为什么在泰坦尼克号上财富可以救你）217
来自荷兰的忠告 220
独裁者和最后通牒 222
坐飞机头等舱 224
嫉妒之火——有时好，有时坏 226
不要再撒那些可悲的小谎了 230
为筹善款而说谎 233
赌博 236
第 12 章 钱之善 245
看我，多么慷慨 249
被玷污的利他主义 252
怎样才能使纳税愉悦一些 255
让我们大度一些吧——有时候富人很慷慨 257
特别的利他主义 259
吸引人们捐款 262
第 13 章 未雨绸缪 269
抛弃替代品的观念 275
节约时间 276
想要多存钱吗？讲德语，或者在洛杉矶开一个账户 280
抵制海妖塞壬的召唤 283
蚊帐和人字拖 286
第 14 章 花钱的乐趣 291
理智消费 295
忽略代价！ 299
节俭的喜悦——为什么适度购物是一件好事？ 300
目录 · · · · · ·
引 言 VII
第 1 章 从摇篮到坟墓 1
金钱与大脑 3
见钱眼开的孩子 8
为一把鲁特琴而存钱 11
银行、商店、强盗和牙仙 15
零花钱的作用 18
对抗死亡的药物 20
第 2 章 攥紧钱 23
口袋里的金钱 28
如何才能不仅仅让老奶奶试图明白这一点 30
为什么我们不喜欢货币的形式被改变？ 33
现金还是刷卡 41
第 3 章 心理账户 47
一切都是相对的 49
心理钱袋 52
结账 57
第 4 章 保有 59
猴子的买卖 63
玩彩票时减少损失的最好方法 66
拥有的力量 68
第 5 章 价格公道 73
旧瓶装新酒 75
能量饮料、头疼药、自助餐 80
情感思维 82
为什么不能妥协，却经常妥协，而且毫不后悔？ 84
令人痛苦的价格 88
我丈夫为何在我生日时给他自己买了一件皮夹克？ 89
参照思维 91
起锚 92
控制住锚 97
关于零钱的几点建议 100
第 6 章 钱是动力吗？ 107
吊在单杠上和飞奔着赶火车 109
按成果发奖励 112
献血奖励 116
金钱会使你戒除坏习惯吗？ 121
戒除吸食可卡因的习惯 124
钻空子 127
第 7 章 只不过是报酬而已 131
长期以来的争议 133
赞扬的作用 136
争议 139
钱多压力大 144
挤出效应 150
第 8 章 给银行高管的贴士 155
为什么高薪会有坏作用？ 157
小心“不良奖金怪圈”159
第 9 章 钱，钱，钱 167
守财奴与挥金如土的人 171
中彩票 178
一个关于幸福的悖论 183
物质主义的好与坏 186
第 10 章 思维贫乏 191
轻视穷人 193
对金钱的担忧会使你的智力下降 200
发薪日贷款及隧道视野 202
脑力贫困陷阱 206
贫穷与大脑 208
第 11 章 钱之恶 211
自私自利还是自给自足？ 213
财富和孩子优先（或者说为什么在泰坦尼克号上财富可以救你）217
来自荷兰的忠告 220
独裁者和最后通牒 222
坐飞机头等舱 224
嫉妒之火——有时好，有时坏 226
不要再撒那些可悲的小谎了 230
为筹善款而说谎 233
赌博 236
第 12 章 钱之善 245
看我，多么慷慨 249
被玷污的利他主义 252
怎样才能使纳税愉悦一些 255
让我们大度一些吧——有时候富人很慷慨 257
特别的利他主义 259
吸引人们捐款 262
第 13 章 未雨绸缪 269
抛弃替代品的观念 275
节约时间 276
想要多存钱吗？讲德语，或者在洛杉矶开一个账户 280
抵制海妖塞壬的召唤 283
蚊帐和人字拖 286
第 14 章 花钱的乐趣 291
理智消费 295
忽略代价！ 299
节俭的喜悦——为什么适度购物是一件好事？ 300
February 25, 2019
Money is a mental construct of humans that is now essential to the structure and functioning of our society. Mind Over Money by Claudia Hammond is an easy read that addresses our complex relationship with money. She shows how money affects our emotions, attitudes, perception and behaviours. A key idea she frequently mentions in relation to money is loss aversion. Hammond wrote this book to help us achieve mind over money i.e. taking the control back in order to lead a good life and build a good society.
Her book is jam packed with psychology studies, neuroscience and behavioural economics that involve both children and adults as well as participants from a range of countries. They show some unexpected findings especially some counterproductive or destructive decisions we make related to money.
Overall, this is an interesting read that shows the links that exist between money and our minds. It ends with a list of tips that summarise all the experiments and investigations touched upon throughout the book.
Her book is jam packed with psychology studies, neuroscience and behavioural economics that involve both children and adults as well as participants from a range of countries. They show some unexpected findings especially some counterproductive or destructive decisions we make related to money.
Overall, this is an interesting read that shows the links that exist between money and our minds. It ends with a list of tips that summarise all the experiments and investigations touched upon throughout the book.
July 18, 2017
A very informative and also entertaining read. The author bases her Interpretation of our emotional relationship with money on an insane amount of scientific studies and adds aspects from her own personal experiences to explain and illustrate those studies.
Some chapters were not interesting for me, but the way the book is organized it is very easy to read those chapters only very broadly.
I like the way she sums up what the chapters are about at the beginning of each chapter. And the general tips for our own behaviour at the end of the book may seem like we already know them, but knowing the results of the aforementioned studies and stories Hammond uses, they make more sense and every reader can look for those that affect him or her.
Not an easy read, it took me quite a while to finish. Nor a book with straightforward tips for spending your money. Rather a well-researched and extensive examination of our complex relationship with money.
Some chapters were not interesting for me, but the way the book is organized it is very easy to read those chapters only very broadly.
I like the way she sums up what the chapters are about at the beginning of each chapter. And the general tips for our own behaviour at the end of the book may seem like we already know them, but knowing the results of the aforementioned studies and stories Hammond uses, they make more sense and every reader can look for those that affect him or her.
Not an easy read, it took me quite a while to finish. Nor a book with straightforward tips for spending your money. Rather a well-researched and extensive examination of our complex relationship with money.
June 21, 2017
A very interesting look at the way we look at money especially in the first chapter. There were lots of studies to determine how we view different situations involving our attitudes towards money. Some of which were quite contrary to how I would have viewed the situation prior to reading the well researched attitudes. Most of the time I thought that my attitudes towards money agreed with the outcome various tests which were covered in different chapters of the book. I am sure being brought up during the Second World war was a strong influence on how I value money whereas most of the studies undertaken are from relatively recent times where there is a super abundance of goods available. Overall it was an interesting read.
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