In his introduction this collection, Stefan Zweig notes "Es gibt kein Jahr, in manchem Jahr keine Monat, in manchem Monat keinen Tag, wo dieser einzige Mensch sich das Wunder seines Wesens nicht selbst in gebundener Rede erläutert und bekräftigt hätte."
And truly, every poem that Goethe ever wrote emanated from the fullness of his life and referred back to it. "Alle meine Gedichte sind Gelegenheitsgedichte," he once remarked to Eckermann.
Reading through this collection of poems by the master we trace the lifeline of his creative energy, which forms a kind of Leitfaden that weaves in and out of all his other endeavors. Even in his works on comparative zoology and botany, his fundamental impulse was always poetic.
And his poetic impulse was always personal. Even when he did periodically divert to speculative topics and philosophical introspection, there was always an implicit human component, such as in his fascinating "Metamorphose der Tiere", which is unmistakably directed to an anonymous interlocutor.
Or consider his surprising poem "Phänomen":
Wenn zu der Regenwand
Phöbus sich gattet,
Gleich steht ein Bogenrand
Farbig beschattet.
Im Nebel gleichen Kreis
Seh ich gezogen,
Zwar ist der Bogen weiß,
Doch Himmelsbogen.
So sollst du, muntrer Greis,
Dich nicht betrüben,
Sind gleich die Haare weiß,
Doch wirst du lieben.
I never fail to be surprised by the final stanza, which pulls back from metaphysical speculation into existential focus. I believe this is the model for Rilke's "Archäischer Torso Apollos", which similarly makes a surprising and sudden move at the end into the realm of the personal and the existential.
Now that is worth pausing to consider - that Rilke, so often associated with Hölderlin, should draw from Goethe, too. We don't normally think much of that, even though his only novel, Malte Laurids Brigge is clearly modeled after Goethe's Werther. The simple fact is that the reach of Goethe's influence is difficult to fathom. His titanic effect on German verse is comparable to Beethoven's effect on music - it reached so deeply into the fundamental nature of the art itself, that to a large degree, Beethoven's music is what music is, just as Goethe's poetry is what poetry is - certainly in the nineteenth century.
The only poet I can easily think of who even approximates his lyrical power is W. B. Yeats. Consider the poem "Ungeduld":
Immer wieder in die Weite,
Über Länder an das Meer,
Phantasien, in der Breite
Schwebt am Ufer hin und her!
Neu ist immer die Erfahrung:
Immer ist dem Herzen bang,
Schmerzen sind der Jugend Nahrung,
Tränen seliger Lobgesang.
This poem virtually sings itself as it is read. One one level this can be regarded as a pop song before radios.
There are so many masterpieces in here, all of them shining with the bright force of Goethe's personality.
Vom Vater hab ich die Statur,
Des Lebens ernstes Führen,
Von Mütterchen die Frohnatur
Und Lust zu fabulieren.
The great nineteenth century bürgerlich virtues are exalted by his art into a kind of luminous revelation. This is not a poetry of princes and priests, but of nature, science, exploration, wonder, creativity, and love. When he speaks of God, as he did more and more late in life, it was not a bearded man in the clouds, but the creative force from which all things emerge, and which is mysteriously co-extensive with the creative capacities of the imagination and the soul. And our proper place is to strive and to create and to know:
Freudig war, vor vielen Jahren,
Eifrig so der Geist bestrebt,
Zu erforschen, zu erfahren,
Wie Natur im Schaffen lebt.
Und es ist das ewig Eine,
Das sich vielfach offenbart:
Klein das Große, groß das Kleine,
Alles nach der eignen Art;
Immer wechselnd, fest sich haltend,
Nah und fern und fern und nah,
So gestaltend, umgestaltend –
Zum Erstaunen bin ich da.
Now I must regrettably touch on the one sour note that I found in this volume. The one poetic register that I found disagreeable was the poems drawn from his West-Ostlicher Divan, which were modeled after the Persian Sufi poet Hafiz, and which to my ears sound mannered and completely false. I believe I understand the intoxicating effect that adopting the posture of an Oriental mystic would have had for Goethe, but in my register, at least, these poems have not aged well, and are a bit embarrassing. But to briefly return to Goethe's gigantic influence, is Rilke's "Stunden-Buch" imaginable without this model?
The threefold root of Goethe's method is striving, knowledge, and especially love. "Und wenn ich mit Menschen- und mit Engel-Zungen redete," he confided to Eckermann, "un hätte der Liebe nicht, so wäre ich ein tönendes Erz, oder eine klingende Schelle." I do not believe you can achieve the first rank of literature without a profound love of human beings in all their manifold splendor and stupidity. Joyce had it, Shakespeare and Cervantes had it, Thomas Mann and Kafka had it, and Goethe had it, too.
I am sorry to live in an age of goading and scolding literature, and would have been happier living in Goethe's time. But if that age is gone, its glorious image and spirit remain, and the sun may one day rise again:
Früh, wenn Tal, Gebirg und Garten
Nebelschleiern sich enthüllen,
Und dem sehnlichsten Erwarten
Blumenkelche bunt sich füllen;
Wenn der Äther, Wolken tragend,
Mit dem klaren Tage streitet,
Und ein Ostwind, sie verjagend,
Blaue Sonnenbahn bereitet;
Dankst du dann, am Blick dich weidend,
Reiner Brust der Großen, Holden,
Wird die Sonne, rötlich scheidend,
Rings den Horizont vergolden.