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Five Theological Orations
The Five Theological Orations, first delivered in AD 379 by Gregory of Nazianzus, one of the three “Cappadocian Fathers” of the early Church, were immediately recognized as a landmark defense of the orthodox doctrine of the holy Trinity. Their historical importance as a decisive blow against the various trinitarian heresies of the fourth century – one from which they would never really recover – is indisputable; but just as obvious is their abiding value for clear-headed thinking, devotional fervor, and reverent humility becoming a genuine man of God. This is edifying reading for all the saints, no less in our day than in Gregory Nazianzen's.
129 pages, ebook
First published January 1, 1993
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About the author
Gregory of Nazianzus
273 books35 followersGregory of Nazianzus (Greek: Γρηγόριος ὁ Ναζιανζηνός Grēgorios ho Nazianzēnos; c. 329–25 January 390), also known as Gregory the Theologian or Gregory Nazianzen, was a 4th-century Archbishop of Constantinople, and theologian. He is widely considered the most accomplished rhetorical stylist of the patristic age. As a classically trained orator and philosopher he infused Hellenism into the early church, establishing the paradigm of Byzantine theologians and church officials.
Gregory made a significant impact on the shape of Trinitarian theology among both Greek- and Latin-speaking theologians, and he is remembered as the "Trinitarian Theologian". Much of his theological work continues to influence modern theologians, especially in regard to the relationship among the three Persons of the Trinity. Along with the brothers Basil the Great and Gregory of Nyssa, he is known as one of the Cappadocian Fathers.
Gregory is a saint in both Eastern and Western Christianity. In the Roman Catholic Church he is numbered among the Doctors of the Church; in the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Eastern Catholic Churches he is revered as one of the Three Holy Hierarchs, along with Basil the Great and John Chrysostom.
He is also one of only three men in the life of the Orthodox Church who have been officially designated "Theologian" by epithet, the other two being St. John the Theologian (the Evangelist), and St. Symeon the New Theologian.
Gregory made a significant impact on the shape of Trinitarian theology among both Greek- and Latin-speaking theologians, and he is remembered as the "Trinitarian Theologian". Much of his theological work continues to influence modern theologians, especially in regard to the relationship among the three Persons of the Trinity. Along with the brothers Basil the Great and Gregory of Nyssa, he is known as one of the Cappadocian Fathers.
Gregory is a saint in both Eastern and Western Christianity. In the Roman Catholic Church he is numbered among the Doctors of the Church; in the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Eastern Catholic Churches he is revered as one of the Three Holy Hierarchs, along with Basil the Great and John Chrysostom.
He is also one of only three men in the life of the Orthodox Church who have been officially designated "Theologian" by epithet, the other two being St. John the Theologian (the Evangelist), and St. Symeon the New Theologian.
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April 20, 2015
In my journey through reading Christian classics, I recently read Basil of Caesarea’s On the Holy Spirit. Basil was good friends with Gregory of Nazianzus, together with Basil’s brother Gregory they are known as the Cappadocian Fathers. Their writings were hugely influential in solidifying the doctrine of the Trinity leading up to the Council of Constantinople in 381.
I find their writings still relevant today, helping me better understand who God is and how the Father, Son and Spirit relate to one another as God. Gregory’s most influential work were his Theological Orations, of which five focus on the doctrine of the Trinity. To many Christians, the Trinity seems to be something very confusing but that may be able to be explained by learned scholars of religion. Or at least, something that can be better understood with use of witty analogies. Somewhat surprising, to me, is that Gregory begins by arguing that it is impossible to conceive God:
But in my opinion it is impossible to express Him, and yet more impossible to conceive Him. For that which may be conceived may perhaps be made clear by language, if not fairly well, at any rate imperfectly, to any one who is not quite deprived of his hearing, or slothful of understanding. But to comprehend the whole of so great a Subject as this is quite impossible and impracticable, not merely to the utterly careless and ignorant, but even to those who are highly exalted, and who love God, and in like manner to every created nature; seeing that the darkness of this world and the thick covering of the flesh is an obstacle to the full understanding of the truth – Second Theological Oration, ch. 4
His point is not that God is impossible so we can say nothing but rather, that by reason alone we cannot conceive God. And even what we can say about God, based on what God has revealed, will never fully explain God. Not even close. Yet we press on, through faith and not reason, to discern truth:
Now if you have in your thought passed through the air and all the things of air, reach with me to heaven and the things of heaven. And let faith lead us rather than reason, if at least you have learnt the feebleness of the latter in matters nearer to you, and have known reason by knowing the things that are beyond reason, so as not to be altogether on the earth or of the earth, because you are ignorant even of your ignorance – Second Theological Oration, ch. 28
When Gregory begins to discuss the Trinitarian understanding of God, he emphasizes that all three persons have existed forever. They did not come into being at a certain time, they have always been a unity in diversity:
when did the Father come into being. There never was a time when He was not. And the same thing is true of the Son and the Holy Ghost. Ask me again, and again I will answer you, When was the Son begotten? When the Father was not begotten. And when did the Holy Ghost proceed? When the Son was, not proceeding but, begotten—beyond the sphere of time, and above the grasp of reason; although we cannot set forth that which is above time, if we avoid as we desire any expression which conveys the idea of time – Third Theological Oration, ch. 3
Lest we think talk of God is merely academic, Gregory reminds us that God is a relationship. This will certainly mean something for us, created in God’s image and desiring relationship:
that Father is not a name either of an essence or of an action, most clever sirs. But it is the name of the Relation in which the Father stands to the Son, and the Son to the Father – Third Theological Oration, ch. 16
There never was a time when He was without the Word, or when He was not the Father, or when He was not true, or not wise, or not powerful, or devoid of life, or of splendour, or of goodness – Third Theological Oration, ch. 17
If Jesus is God in the flesh, then is he truly human? How does his humanity and divinity relate? Gregory addresses this too:
What is lofty you are to apply to the Godhead, and to that Nature in Him which is superior to sufferings and incorporeal; but all that is lowly to the composite condition of Him who for your sakes made Himself of no reputation and was Incarnate—yes, for it is no worse thing to say, was made Man, and afterwards was also exalted – Third Theological Oration, ch. 18
What He was He continued to be; what He was not He took to Himself. In the beginning He was, uncaused; for what is the Cause of God? But afterwards for a cause He was born. And that came was that you might be saved, who insult Him and despise His Godhead, because of this, that He took upon Him your denser nature, having converse with Flesh by means of Mind. While His inferior Nature, the Humanity, became God, because it was united to God, and became One Person because the Higher Nature prevailed … in order that I too might be made Goal so far as He is made Man. He was born—but He had been begotten: He was born of a woman—but she was a Virgin. The first is human the second Divine. In His Human nature He had no Father, but also in His Divine Nature no Mother. Both these belong to Godhead. He dwelt in the womb—but He was recognized by the Prophet, himself still in the womb, leaping before the Word, for Whose sake He came into being. He was wrapped in swaddling clothes9—but He took off the swathing bands of the grave by His rising again. He was laid in a manger—but He was glorified by Angels, and proclaimed by a star, and worshipped by the Magi. Why are you offended by that which is presented to your sight, because you will not look at that which is presented to your mind? He was driven into exile into Egypt—but He drove away the Egyptian idols. He had no form nor comeliness in the eyes of the Jews11—but to David He is fairer than the children of men. And on the Mountain He was bright as the lightning, and became more luminous than the sun, initiating us into the mystery of the future. – Third Theological Oration, ch. 19
He was baptized as Man—but He remitted sins as God—not because He needed purificatory rites Himself, but that He might sanctify the element of water. He was tempted as Man, but He conquered as God; yea, He bids us be of good cheer, for He has overcome the world. He hungered—but He fed thousands; yea, He is the Bread that giveth life, and That is of heaven. He thirsted—but He cried, If any man thirst, let him come unto Me and drink. Yea, He promised that fountains should flow from them that believe. He was wearied, but He is the Rest of them that are weary and heavy laden. He was heavy with sleep, but He walked lightly over the sea. He rebuked the winds, He made Peter light as he began to sink. He pays tribute, but it is out of a fish; yea, He is the King of those who demanded it.
He is called a Samaritan and a demoniac;—but He saves him that came down from Jerusalem and fell among thieves; the demons acknowledge Him, and He drives out demons, and sinks in the sea legions of foul spirits, and sees the Prince of the demons falling like lightning.9 He is stoned, but is not taken. He prays, but He hears prayer. He weeps, but He causes tears to cease. He asks where Lazarus was laid, for He was Man; but He raises Lazarus, for He was God. He is sold, and very cheap, for it is only for thirty pieces of silver; but He redeems the world, and that at a great price, for the Price was His own blood. As a sheep He is led to the slaughter, but He is the Shepherd of Israel, and now of the whole world also. As a Lamb He is silent, yet He is the Word, and is proclaimed by the Voice of one crying in the wilderness. He is bruised and wounded, but He healeth every disease and every infirmity. He is lifted up and nailed to the Tree, but by the Tree of Life He restoreth us; yea, He saveth even the Robber crucified with Him; yea, He wrapped the visible world in darkness. He is given vinegar to drink mingled with gall. Who? He who turned the water into wine, who is the destroyer of the bitter taste, who is Sweetness and altogether desire. He lays down His life, but He has power to take it again;19 and the veil is rent, for the mysterious doors of Heaven are opened; the rocks are cleft, the dead arise. He dies, but He gives life, and by His death destroys death. He is buried, but He rises again; He goes down into Hell, but He brings up the souls; He ascends to Heaven, and shall come again to judge the quick and the dead, and to put to the test such words as yours. If the one give you a starting point for your error, let the others put an end to it. – Third Theological Oration, ch 20
Gregory’s Fifth Theological Oration discusses the deity of the Holy Spirit:
But we have so much confidence in the Deity of the Spirit Whom we adore, that we will begin our teaching concerning His Godhead by fitting to Him the Names which belong to the Trinity, even though some persons may think us too bold. The Father was the True Light which lighteneth every man coming into the world. The Son was the True Light which lighteneth every man coming into the world. The Other Comforter was the True Light which lighteneth every man coming into the world. Was and Was and Was, but Was One Thing. Light thrice repeated; but One Light and One God – Fifth Theological Oration, ch 3
Gregory admits there is not as much in scripture in regards to the deity of the Spirit as there is about the Son. Yet, once again, the debate is never a mere academic parsing of scripture. Instead it is about practical living, things like worship and prayer. It is these things that tip the scale towards the orthodox view, for the Spirit is worship and the one whom we pray to:
for the present it will suffice to say that it is the Spirit in Whom we worship, and in Whom we pray. For Scripture says, God is a Spirit, and they that worship Him must worship Him in Spirit and in truth. And again,—We know not what we should pray for as we ought; but the Spirit Itself maketh intercession for us with groanings which cannot be uttered;4 and I will pray with the Spirit and I will pray with the understanding also;—that is, in the mind and in the Spirit. Therefore to adore or to pray to the Spirit seems to me to be simply Himself offering prayer or adoration to Himself – Fifth Theological Oration, ch. 12
I’ll allow Gregory to sum up:
To us there is One God, for the Godhead is One, and all that proceedeth from Him is referred to One, though we believe in Three Persons. For one is not more and another less God; nor is One before and another after; nor are They divided in will or parted in power; nor can you find here any of the qualities of divisible things; but the Godhead is, to speak concisely, undivided in separate Persons; and there is one mingling of Light, as it were of three suns joined to each other. When then we look at the Godhead, or the First Cause, or the Monarchia, that which we conceive is One; but when we look at the Persons in Whom the Godhead dwells, and at Those Who timelessly and with equal glory have their Being from the First Cause—there are Three Whom we worship – Fifth Theological Oration, ch. 14
I find their writings still relevant today, helping me better understand who God is and how the Father, Son and Spirit relate to one another as God. Gregory’s most influential work were his Theological Orations, of which five focus on the doctrine of the Trinity. To many Christians, the Trinity seems to be something very confusing but that may be able to be explained by learned scholars of religion. Or at least, something that can be better understood with use of witty analogies. Somewhat surprising, to me, is that Gregory begins by arguing that it is impossible to conceive God:
But in my opinion it is impossible to express Him, and yet more impossible to conceive Him. For that which may be conceived may perhaps be made clear by language, if not fairly well, at any rate imperfectly, to any one who is not quite deprived of his hearing, or slothful of understanding. But to comprehend the whole of so great a Subject as this is quite impossible and impracticable, not merely to the utterly careless and ignorant, but even to those who are highly exalted, and who love God, and in like manner to every created nature; seeing that the darkness of this world and the thick covering of the flesh is an obstacle to the full understanding of the truth – Second Theological Oration, ch. 4
His point is not that God is impossible so we can say nothing but rather, that by reason alone we cannot conceive God. And even what we can say about God, based on what God has revealed, will never fully explain God. Not even close. Yet we press on, through faith and not reason, to discern truth:
Now if you have in your thought passed through the air and all the things of air, reach with me to heaven and the things of heaven. And let faith lead us rather than reason, if at least you have learnt the feebleness of the latter in matters nearer to you, and have known reason by knowing the things that are beyond reason, so as not to be altogether on the earth or of the earth, because you are ignorant even of your ignorance – Second Theological Oration, ch. 28
When Gregory begins to discuss the Trinitarian understanding of God, he emphasizes that all three persons have existed forever. They did not come into being at a certain time, they have always been a unity in diversity:
when did the Father come into being. There never was a time when He was not. And the same thing is true of the Son and the Holy Ghost. Ask me again, and again I will answer you, When was the Son begotten? When the Father was not begotten. And when did the Holy Ghost proceed? When the Son was, not proceeding but, begotten—beyond the sphere of time, and above the grasp of reason; although we cannot set forth that which is above time, if we avoid as we desire any expression which conveys the idea of time – Third Theological Oration, ch. 3
Lest we think talk of God is merely academic, Gregory reminds us that God is a relationship. This will certainly mean something for us, created in God’s image and desiring relationship:
that Father is not a name either of an essence or of an action, most clever sirs. But it is the name of the Relation in which the Father stands to the Son, and the Son to the Father – Third Theological Oration, ch. 16
There never was a time when He was without the Word, or when He was not the Father, or when He was not true, or not wise, or not powerful, or devoid of life, or of splendour, or of goodness – Third Theological Oration, ch. 17
If Jesus is God in the flesh, then is he truly human? How does his humanity and divinity relate? Gregory addresses this too:
What is lofty you are to apply to the Godhead, and to that Nature in Him which is superior to sufferings and incorporeal; but all that is lowly to the composite condition of Him who for your sakes made Himself of no reputation and was Incarnate—yes, for it is no worse thing to say, was made Man, and afterwards was also exalted – Third Theological Oration, ch. 18
What He was He continued to be; what He was not He took to Himself. In the beginning He was, uncaused; for what is the Cause of God? But afterwards for a cause He was born. And that came was that you might be saved, who insult Him and despise His Godhead, because of this, that He took upon Him your denser nature, having converse with Flesh by means of Mind. While His inferior Nature, the Humanity, became God, because it was united to God, and became One Person because the Higher Nature prevailed … in order that I too might be made Goal so far as He is made Man. He was born—but He had been begotten: He was born of a woman—but she was a Virgin. The first is human the second Divine. In His Human nature He had no Father, but also in His Divine Nature no Mother. Both these belong to Godhead. He dwelt in the womb—but He was recognized by the Prophet, himself still in the womb, leaping before the Word, for Whose sake He came into being. He was wrapped in swaddling clothes9—but He took off the swathing bands of the grave by His rising again. He was laid in a manger—but He was glorified by Angels, and proclaimed by a star, and worshipped by the Magi. Why are you offended by that which is presented to your sight, because you will not look at that which is presented to your mind? He was driven into exile into Egypt—but He drove away the Egyptian idols. He had no form nor comeliness in the eyes of the Jews11—but to David He is fairer than the children of men. And on the Mountain He was bright as the lightning, and became more luminous than the sun, initiating us into the mystery of the future. – Third Theological Oration, ch. 19
He was baptized as Man—but He remitted sins as God—not because He needed purificatory rites Himself, but that He might sanctify the element of water. He was tempted as Man, but He conquered as God; yea, He bids us be of good cheer, for He has overcome the world. He hungered—but He fed thousands; yea, He is the Bread that giveth life, and That is of heaven. He thirsted—but He cried, If any man thirst, let him come unto Me and drink. Yea, He promised that fountains should flow from them that believe. He was wearied, but He is the Rest of them that are weary and heavy laden. He was heavy with sleep, but He walked lightly over the sea. He rebuked the winds, He made Peter light as he began to sink. He pays tribute, but it is out of a fish; yea, He is the King of those who demanded it.
He is called a Samaritan and a demoniac;—but He saves him that came down from Jerusalem and fell among thieves; the demons acknowledge Him, and He drives out demons, and sinks in the sea legions of foul spirits, and sees the Prince of the demons falling like lightning.9 He is stoned, but is not taken. He prays, but He hears prayer. He weeps, but He causes tears to cease. He asks where Lazarus was laid, for He was Man; but He raises Lazarus, for He was God. He is sold, and very cheap, for it is only for thirty pieces of silver; but He redeems the world, and that at a great price, for the Price was His own blood. As a sheep He is led to the slaughter, but He is the Shepherd of Israel, and now of the whole world also. As a Lamb He is silent, yet He is the Word, and is proclaimed by the Voice of one crying in the wilderness. He is bruised and wounded, but He healeth every disease and every infirmity. He is lifted up and nailed to the Tree, but by the Tree of Life He restoreth us; yea, He saveth even the Robber crucified with Him; yea, He wrapped the visible world in darkness. He is given vinegar to drink mingled with gall. Who? He who turned the water into wine, who is the destroyer of the bitter taste, who is Sweetness and altogether desire. He lays down His life, but He has power to take it again;19 and the veil is rent, for the mysterious doors of Heaven are opened; the rocks are cleft, the dead arise. He dies, but He gives life, and by His death destroys death. He is buried, but He rises again; He goes down into Hell, but He brings up the souls; He ascends to Heaven, and shall come again to judge the quick and the dead, and to put to the test such words as yours. If the one give you a starting point for your error, let the others put an end to it. – Third Theological Oration, ch 20
Gregory’s Fifth Theological Oration discusses the deity of the Holy Spirit:
But we have so much confidence in the Deity of the Spirit Whom we adore, that we will begin our teaching concerning His Godhead by fitting to Him the Names which belong to the Trinity, even though some persons may think us too bold. The Father was the True Light which lighteneth every man coming into the world. The Son was the True Light which lighteneth every man coming into the world. The Other Comforter was the True Light which lighteneth every man coming into the world. Was and Was and Was, but Was One Thing. Light thrice repeated; but One Light and One God – Fifth Theological Oration, ch 3
Gregory admits there is not as much in scripture in regards to the deity of the Spirit as there is about the Son. Yet, once again, the debate is never a mere academic parsing of scripture. Instead it is about practical living, things like worship and prayer. It is these things that tip the scale towards the orthodox view, for the Spirit is worship and the one whom we pray to:
for the present it will suffice to say that it is the Spirit in Whom we worship, and in Whom we pray. For Scripture says, God is a Spirit, and they that worship Him must worship Him in Spirit and in truth. And again,—We know not what we should pray for as we ought; but the Spirit Itself maketh intercession for us with groanings which cannot be uttered;4 and I will pray with the Spirit and I will pray with the understanding also;—that is, in the mind and in the Spirit. Therefore to adore or to pray to the Spirit seems to me to be simply Himself offering prayer or adoration to Himself – Fifth Theological Oration, ch. 12
I’ll allow Gregory to sum up:
To us there is One God, for the Godhead is One, and all that proceedeth from Him is referred to One, though we believe in Three Persons. For one is not more and another less God; nor is One before and another after; nor are They divided in will or parted in power; nor can you find here any of the qualities of divisible things; but the Godhead is, to speak concisely, undivided in separate Persons; and there is one mingling of Light, as it were of three suns joined to each other. When then we look at the Godhead, or the First Cause, or the Monarchia, that which we conceive is One; but when we look at the Persons in Whom the Godhead dwells, and at Those Who timelessly and with equal glory have their Being from the First Cause—there are Three Whom we worship – Fifth Theological Oration, ch. 14
October 17, 2021
"În sfârşit deci mi s-a părut că este lucrul cel mai bun de făcut, pe deoparte să las în pace închipuirile şi umbrele, ca înşelătoare şi de cele mai multe ori îndepărtate de adevăr, iar pe de alta, lăsându-mă condus de cugetarea mai evlavioasă, întemeindu-mă pe cuvinte puține, folosindu-mă drept conducător de Duhul, strălucirea pe care am primit-o de aici, pe aceasta păstrând-o până la sfârşitul vieţii, ca pe o tovarăşă credincioasă şi în legătură cu mine, să trec străbătând prin mijloc veacul acesta şi să conving şi pe alții, după puterea mea, să se închine Tatălui şi Fiului şi Duhului Sfânt, unicei Dumnezeiri şi puteri, că Lui se cuvine toată slava, cinstea, puterea, în vecii vecilor.<\b> Amin."
May 8, 2025
Great defense of the hypostatic union against many Christological heresies of the early Church. Also great defense of the deity of the Holy Spirit. Definitely some gems in these orations. Gregory of Nazianzus is beautiful to read.
August 25, 2025
An extremely worshipful exposition by Gregory on many topics ranging from theology proper to trinitarian theology to both Christology and Pneumatology. What I appreciate most about him is how worshipful he is in his theologizing, and how he is not afraid to settle mysteries resting on the ontological trinity. He really was a deep theologian who did not pursue knowledge, but God. He gets into the proper relations of the persons of the Godhead and I think the way he does theology should be employed more heavily nowadays. You also really see how high of a view he had on scripture amidst the myriad of citations.
May 11, 2020
A great philosophical-theological writing from the IV century bishop of Constantinople, Gregorios Nazianzenos.
December 24, 2022
I'm a bit embarrassed to admit that I've sorely neglected reading the Church Fathers in my journey of autodidacticism thus far. Purchasing the anthology "Christology of the Later Fathers" has finally given me the jolt I needed to dive in. It's true that most of these early writers have a pretty dry and unexciting writing style, but the clarity and purity of their thinking is hugely impressive. Actually, Gregory is a pretty effective stylist—these are orations, after all. It's so thrilling and humbling to read these deeply convicted and eloquent arguments for biblical doctrine when the very fate of orthodoxy was on the line. I also have to admit that the sheer abstraction of envisioning the Godhead and its operations can cause me to get a bit dazed after a while. All the more reason to offer praise for these holy mysteries. Lots of things to revisit here, but overall a great Advent read.
February 4, 2021
Disclaimer: I only listened to this one.
This one was really tough to follow when listening, and I’ll probably have to give it another good run in the future. Gregory of Natzinan, or as his friends call him Ole Greg, definitely puts the 4th century heretics in their place and definitely expounds the truth of the Triune God and for this alone the work is worth ones time. The theologian proves himself here to be delightfully rational in showing the absurdities of his opponents and Biblical in expounding the early church doctrines of God.
This one was really tough to follow when listening, and I’ll probably have to give it another good run in the future. Gregory of Natzinan, or as his friends call him Ole Greg, definitely puts the 4th century heretics in their place and definitely expounds the truth of the Triune God and for this alone the work is worth ones time. The theologian proves himself here to be delightfully rational in showing the absurdities of his opponents and Biblical in expounding the early church doctrines of God.
October 1, 2023
Incredible to read this set of sermons defending the trinity! There are some amazing sections where Gregory pieces together scripture after scripture to show how the Son and the Holy are both equal to the Father in status and so worthy of our praise and adoration.
Fantastic 4C theology written just before (379AD) the additions to the Nicene creed which happened in 381.
Fantastic 4C theology written just before (379AD) the additions to the Nicene creed which happened in 381.
April 14, 2021
Gregory does a very good job of arguing against the Arians, Eunomians and Sabellians. He relies almost completely on scripture rather than philosophers, which is refreshing. Even though this was written more than a thousand years ago, we still fight with these heresies today.
July 18, 2020
Hay! It’s Gregory of Nazianus!
September 14, 2022
Second-time walkthrough, listening to the orations rather than studying them in book form. (Hence logging this edition rather than the one from SVS Press) These are especially beautiful when listened to in the way that they would have been presented, though translated into English.
As a Theology i TA, I am excited to grade critical essays of these orations in the coming months.
As a Theology i TA, I am excited to grade critical essays of these orations in the coming months.
June 1, 2012
I love Gregory. He majorly helped me understand what it means that Christ is begotten of the Father. But Gregory's not very nice in this book.
November 7, 2018
Smart, committed, even funny. The Cappadocians produced good literature.
June 4, 2019
Amazing! Truly a classic. These orations are essential for any one seeking to understand the Trinitarian theology of the fourth-century.
Displaying 1 - 14 of 14 reviews