In this book, researcher of translation studies Akira Yanabu analyzes the genealogy of ten Japanese words which entered Japanese as translations of English, French, and Dutch words. The words are shakai (society), kojin (individual), kindai (modern), bi (beauty), renai (love), sonzai (existence), shizen (nature), kenri (right), jiyu (freedom), and kare/kanojo (him/her). Central to Yanabu's analysis is the idea of "surface" (omote) and "interior" (ura) meanings. According to Yanabu, Japanese translations have a "jewlery box effect." Although to what degree depends on the word in question, the “jewlery box effect” is the impression of profound meaning, regardless of the word’s intended meaning.
Yanabu's analysis of the transformation and misappropriation of the translations are supported by dictionaries and essays from the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Among these essays are writings by early modern intellectual giants Fukuzawa Yukichi, Mori Ogai, Kobayashi Hideo, and Tsubouchi Shoyo, among others. Yanabu highlights the difficulties and complexities of transplanting concepts such as "freedom" or "individual" from one cultural context to another, and traces the path by which translators searched for Japanese words capable of accommodating these concepts.
As Yanabu points out, most attempts at translating Western concepts produced unintended, albeit inevitable, results. This is partly due to Japan's long history of importing Chinese words. Prior to opening to the West, Japan imported words and concepts from China through a process streamlined by Japanese's incorporation of Chinese hanzi (kanji in Japanese) into its writing system. However, unlike hanzi, the letters of Western alphabets do not contain individual semantic meanings. Despite this seemingly unsurmountable obstacle, Japanese translators rendered translations with kanji, merging the semantic meanings contained therein with the meanings of the Western concepts they intended to emulate. For example, the Japanese translation for "nature," shizen, became associated with the Chinese philosophical concept Tao ("path"), a word signifying the supposed underlying natural order of the universe. This complicated matters for Japanese thinkers wrestling with concepts like "natural selection" and "natural law," the former referring to scientific evolutionary theory and the latter to a set of inherent human rights. This confusion is reflected in the translations for natural selection (shizen tota) and natural law (shizen-ho), which are technically mistranslations: in the Japanese translations the adjective "natural" becomes the noun "nature," and thus natural selection becomes "nature selection" and natural law becomes "nature law," both of which carry slightly different connotations than their Western counterparts.
Yanabu's explanations are concise and easy to follow. He covers a lot of ground in this 200-page book, and readers will come out with a greater understanding of the development of Japanese vis-a-vis the West. One criticism I have of the book is its lack of a conclusion. Each chapter is dedicated to one particular word and the book ends abruptly after the final chapter for "him" and "her" (kare and kanojo). Although Yanabu does touch upon how the proliferation and misappropriation of certain words can support or undermine social, political, and hierarchical structures, these only amount to minor tangents sprinkled throughout the book, rather than an overarching argument that encourages readers to think about how we employ language. For example, in the last chapter, Yanabu attributes the "jewelry box effect" to the use of kare and kanojo, technically neutral pronouns, as pronouns of endearment for one's boyfriend and girlfriend. However, he fails to point out that the kanji compound for "her" directly translates to "him woman," or "his woman," thus blowing the chance to highlight how Japanese assumes the hierarchical (in this case patriarchal) qualities of the society in which it's used.