Johnson (1871-1938) is a major figure of 20th century American culture and politics—lawyer, teacher, journalist, songwriter, diplomat, novelist, civil rights leader, scholar, critic, poet, and pioneer. He was the first African-American to pass the bar in Florida. The first to open a public high school for African Americans in Florida. He was, as one of the leading songwriters of the early 20th century, a founding member of ASCAP. He was the first African American director of the NAACP. He was among the first, if not the first, to write about and collect and publish a comprehensive anthology of African-American spirituals, correctly pointing out their significance and linking their influence to American popular music, including the newest form, jazz. As a poet his collection God’s Trombones is not only wonderful but seminal, a masterpiece. Much of the rest of his complete poems, however, are a far more mixed bag of lyrics, experiments, sentimental verse, occasional poems, with a handful of stronger works of originality. He wrote both in formal, classical diction and in dialect, succeeding and failing in both forms. Among the lyrics are “Lift Ev’ry Voice and Sing” and a poem called “We to America,” which anticipates Langston Hughes: “How would you have us, as we are— / Or sinking ‘neath the load we bear? / Our eyes fixed forward on a star? / Or gazing empty at despair? // Rising or falling? Men or things? / With dragging pace or footsteps fleet? / Strong, willing sinews in your wings? / Or tightening chains about your feet?” The topics are race, justice, love, time, fame, art, nature, mythology, folklore, and even the environment: “The river hissed and frothed / In piteous indignation. / I thought: Why this hissing and frothing, / Do you not know / That the ultimate end of all beautiful rivers / Is to carry sewage to the sea?” Johnson is not always successful but he’s always interesting, following his curiosity, his interest in language and form, and his faith in words to capture feelings.