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Contester l'empire : Pensée postcoloniale et militantisme politique à Montréal, 1963-1972

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Durant les années 1960, Montréal était non seulement la ville la plus populeuse et la plus puissante sur le plan économique du Canada, mais c’était aussi un des principaux centres de l’expansion capitaliste en Amérique. Cependant, la majorité francophone de Montréal, tout comme ses minorités raciales et ethniques, est très loin des sphères du pouvoir et bon nombre de ses membres vivent dans les secteurs les plus pauvres de la ville. Leur langue et leur culture sont dévalorisées dans les lieux de travail et au quotidien de la vie urbaine.
Plusieurs réagissent à ces injustices en préconisant une forme de nationalisme qui vise à corriger les écarts flagrants entre le niveau de vie des francophones et celui des anglophones. Ce mouvement contestataire qui se construit durant les années 1960 place les questions de la langue, de la culture et de l’empire tout à côté de celle des classes sociales, et il soutient un vaste projet de décolonisation. De 1963 au début des années 1970, différents groupes prennent le nom de FLQ, convaincus qu’ils sont engagés dans une guérilla anticoloniale : ils posent des bombes, volent des banques et provoquent la mort de neuf personnes. La violence culminera avec la Crise d’octobre 1970 lorsque, en réponse à l’enlèvement du diplomate britannique James Cross et du ministre libéral Pierre Laporte (assassiné ensuite par le FLQ), le gouvernement fédéral envoie l’armée à Montréal et suspend les libertés civiles en invoquant la Loi des mesures de guerre. En raison de ses actions spectaculaires, le FLQ deviendra l’objet de nombreux documentaires, œuvres de fiction, rapports gouvernementaux et études historiques. On l’évoquera souvent comme le centre même de la politique oppositionnelle de cette période. S’il est nécessaire de comprendre la violence politique du FLQ, destructive à la fois sur le plan moral et sur le plan politique, il est très dangereux de laisser ce groupe représenter à lui seul le militantisme de cette époque.
Contester l’empire, à Montréal, ne se limite pas à un petit groupe de révolutionnaires isolés. Au contraire, cette contestation devient un mouvement de masse où d’innombrables individus (francophones, noirs, femmes, étudiants, etc.) ne demandent qu’à redessiner la démocratie du Québec de façon telle qu’elle englobe la souveraineté individuelle et collective et la solidarité sociale. Rédigée dans un style accessible à tous, voici une étude qui offre un éclairage sur les changements structurels et idéologiques qui sont survenus dans l’après-guerre et qui explique la montée du néonationalisme au Québec et le rôle qu’a joué ce dernier dans la transformation de la société québécoise et de ses relations avec le reste du Canada. Un grand essai sur le Québec.

360 pages, Paperback

First published March 25, 2010

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Sean Mills

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Displaying 1 - 8 of 8 reviews
Profile Image for Martin.
15 reviews1 follower
August 11, 2018
Un rigoureux traité historique sur la période cruciale pour l'identité moderne du Québec que fût les années 1963-1973. On y traite principalement de l'origine, l'évolution et des contradictions du discours anticolonial au Québec.

Essentiel pour comprendre 2012 et le Québec actuel.

Aussi paradoxal que peut être d'écrire un ouvrage en anglais sur ce sujet, l'auteur apporte un regard externe contribuant à l'impartialité et allant encore plus loin que la division linguistique habituelle. La plupart des citations de manifestes, poèmes et discours sont entièrement dans leur langue originale.
Profile Image for Kyle.
224 reviews
December 26, 2017
Extremely interesting article about Montreal at the height 1960s/1970s radicalism, getting away from the dominant historical framework of the Quiet Revolution period as one of state capitalist "modernisation" to focus on the groups and people challenging the entire system. Looks at the various liberation movements, labour unions, left-nationalists, radicals and student groups to see how they related to the anticolonial movement and its theory. Covers a wide range of events from Opération Mcgill Français to the Sir George Williams Affair to the October Crisis and the 1972 General Strike. A really good read for anyone in Montreal (or elsewhere) interested in an overview of radicalism in Montreal, or alternately for anywhere who wants to understand how different people at the time understood the idea of Quebec as a colonised society in different ways (for example, how some francophone Quebecois saw themselves in the 60s as the 'wretched of the earth,' the colonised rather than coloniser, and how this wasn't outright rejected by anticolonial theorists but even publicly accepted by people such as Stokely Carmichael and Aimé Césaire before changing in the 1970s). Main flaw is that for a book so heavily focused on the contradictions of the anticolonial discourse of the time, it doesn't have a chapter on indigenous groups or activism. The reactions of native people to various events and discourses is occasionally mentioned but unlike feminist and black liberation movements, indigenous groups don't get a whole chapter, which undercuts the ability of the book to fully problematize the Quebec discourse of being colonised by English Canada or America. Definitely worth a read though.
Profile Image for Grace.
127 reviews71 followers
March 26, 2015
Really good history of radical movements in Montreal in the 60s and early 70s. pretty fascinating
Profile Image for Pascal Scallon-Chouinard.
411 reviews7 followers
January 8, 2025
A major and important study to which I’ve often referred over the years, without ever having taken the time to read it from cover to cover. Now I have! Historian Sean Mills offers a look back at the decade of the 1960s in Montreal, a time of great upheaval, awareness and activism for various groups. Mills skilfully illustrates how Montreal, over the course of the decade, drew inspiration from (and, at times, in turn, inspired) the international context, developing a theory of decolonization “adapted” to the Quebec case, notably through the writings of leading figures of the period. Beyond the rhetoric and ideological links with the internationalist left, this movement also had many blind spots, which the author does not fail to point out (very masculine discourses, little room for women, blindness to its own colonial past and privileged condition, racism, etc.). Mills nevertheless demonstrates that this activism served as a starting point for the organization of a more general movement (on women’s rights, working conditions, immigration, etc.), becoming, progressively, more inclusive.

This is an important book for understanding the intellectual, social and political ferment of the 1960s (and even 1970s) in Montreal and in the province of Quebec. The study is based on a solid referential apparatus and, despite its academic nature, remains accessible.
Profile Image for Lawrence.
951 reviews23 followers
December 14, 2020
A very accessible look at the history of leftist activism in Montreal, taking key and at times repetitive pains to show the context for all that roiled Quebec and that city in that turbulent decade.

The FLQ is a brief feature, but only a cameo for showcasing the variety of groups fighting for justice in that era. Mills continually refers to the whiteness and maleness of the groups and their actions and in general shows what made the fight in Quebec so unique as well as linking it with today.

It's surprisingly accessible given the detail and, while not revelatory, does exactly what a history of an era should do: firmly rooting in a time and place and all that gave those things life.

He shows the revolutionary fervour and how it was broken by state violence and exhaustion. The parallels to our current era and the same arguments are intense. Plus ça change...
Profile Image for Craig Werner.
Author 16 books218 followers
September 8, 2021
Mills focuses primarily on the languages used in the intersecting political movements in mid-late Sixties Montreal. His central interest is in the connection between Quebec and post-colonial movements internationally, and the book provides a great deal of information on that. The mix of working class, Francophone linguistic, leftist, and feminist concerns is quintessential Sixties. The book's limitation is inherent in the rhetorical focus, which leaves relatively little room for the details of how the ideas played out in concrete actions.
4 reviews
February 7, 2025
Interessante perspective sur l’histoire du militantisme et syndicalisme Québécois à travers le filtre du colonialisme. Une peu forcé.
Displaying 1 - 8 of 8 reviews

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