A MARVELOUS HISTORY OF ALL OF THE HISTORY AND TRADITIONS OF HALLOWEEN
Author David J. Skal is also the author of books such as 'The Monster Show: A Cultural History of Horror,' 'Dark Carnival: The Secret World of Tod Browning,' 'Vampires: Encounters With the Undead,' 'Screams of Reason: Mad Science and Modern Culture,' etc.
The first chapter of this 2002 book notes that in 1974, "the New York Times gave its distinguished imprimatur to the Halloween terrorist legend," by warning of apples with "a razor blade hidden inside... bubble gum may be sprinkled with lye, the popcorn balls may be coated with camphor..." and quoting a psychiatrist who suggested that it was "the permissiveness in today's society" that was responsible. Nevertheless, "By October 1974, there was still no substantiated account of a single Halloween-candy poisoning." (Pg. 5-7) However, on Halloween in 1974, Ronald Clark O'Bryan, deliberately and fatally poisoned with potassium cyanide a "Pixy Stix" he gave to his son (he gave Pixy Stix to several other children, but they fortunately did not eat them), on whom he had taken out an insurance policy. O'Bryan was convicted of murder, and executed. (Pg. 10-13) Skal observes, "the media revisited the case each subsequent Halloween season, and the legend grew. The fact that the crime was a calculated crime for profit, not a random menace, did nothing to stop the Halloween sadist myth." (Pg. 13)
He points out that "Modern, mass-media histories of Halloween... often leave the impression that the holiday has been handed down, more or less intact, from Celtic antiquity... In reality, contemporary Halloween is a patchwork holiday, a kind of cultural Frankenstein stitched together quite recently from a number of traditions, all fused beneath the cauldron-light of the American melting pot." (Pg. 20) Later, he argues that "[Gerald B.] Gardner was much indebted to the work of Margaret Alice Murray... whose book The Witch-cult in Western Europe put forth the theory that witchcraft had its pagan origins in highly organized goddess and fertility rituals... Both Gardner and Murray have since been discredited by serious historians, who find neither documents nor archaeological evidence to support their claims." (Pg. 72)
He observes, "In his crusade to convert Ireland to Christianity in the fifth century, Saint Patrick appropriated many of the customs and symbols of the Celts, including the use of bonfires to celebrate church holy days and the superimposition of the pagan sun symbol onto the Christian cross... In the ninth century, Pope Gregory IV established the Feast of All Saints on November 1, another calculated move to align traditional pagan festivals with Christian holidays. November 2 was designated All Souls' Day around 1006... and thus a miniseason of observances was established, known in medieval times as Hallowtide." (Pg. 22)
He states that "The word 'Halloween' derives from the Middle English ... and the progressive contraction of 'evening' to 'even' to 'e'en.' 'All Hallows' Eve,' 'Hallowmas... Eve'... were some of the variations." (Pg. 25) Later, he adds, "The vegetable symbol most associated with Halloween is, of course, the jack-o'-lantern... Although every modern chronicle of the holiday repeats the claim that vegetable lanterns were a time-honored component of Halloween celebrations in the British Isles, none gives any primary documentation. In fact, none of the major nineteenth-century chroniclers of British holidays and folk customs makes any mention whatsoever of carved lanterns in connection with Halloween. Neither do any of the standard works of the early twentieth century." (Pg. 31-32)
He suggests, "In the last few decades, the Halloween machine has been especially driven by boomers, a generation noted for a marked reluctance to give up the things of childhood. Halloween has now become its own economic paradigm, the largest holiday behind Christmas, and still growing... [billions of dollars] are spent on costumes... the holiday decorations, theme-park revenues, seasonal movie, TV, and home video tie-ins, with all the attendant spending on advertising and promotion." (Pg. 56-57)
For anyone seriously wanting to study this holiday, this book will be "must reading." (Other helpful books are Halloween: An American Holiday, an American History and The Book of Halloween.