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Stellar atmospheres
215 pages, Unknown Binding
Published May 1, 1925
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About the author
Cecilia H. Payne
16 books9 followersCecilia Helena Payne-Gaposchkin (May 10, 1900 – December 7, 1979) was a British–American astronomer and astrophysicist who, in 1925, proposed in her Ph.D. thesis an explanation for the composition of stars in terms of the relative abundances of hydrogen and helium.[1]
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July 10, 2024
Free download available at Project Gutenberg
I made the proofing of this book for Free Literature and Project Gutenberg will publish it.
CONTENTS
PART I
THE PHYSICAL GROUNDWORK
I. THE LABORATORY BASIS OF ASTROPHYSICS 3
Relation of physics to astrophysics.
Properties of matter associated with nuclear structure.
Arrangement of extra-nuclear electrons.
Critical potentials.
Duration of atomic states.
Relative probabilities of atomic states.
Effect on the spectrum of conditions at the source.
(a) Temperature class.
(b) Pressure effects.
(c) Zeemann effect.
(d) Stark effect.
II. THE STELLAR TEMPERATURE SCALE 27
Definitions.
The mean temperature scale.
Temperatures of individual stars.
Differences in temperature between giants and dwarfs
The temperature scale based on ionization.
III. PRESSURES IN STELLAR ATMOSPHERES 34
Range in stellar pressures.
Measures of pressure in the reversing layer.
(a) Pressure shifts of spectral lines.
(b) Sharpness of lines.
(c) Widths of lines.
(d) Flash spectrum.
(e) Equilibrium of outer layers of the sun.
(f) Observed limit of the Balmer series.
(g) Ionization phenomena.
IV. THE SOURCE AND COMPOSITION OF THE STELLAR SPECTRUM 46
General appearance of the stellar spectrum.
Descriptive definitions.
The continuous background.
The reversing layer.
Emission lines.
V. ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS IN STELLAR ATMOSPHERES 55
Identifications with laboratory spectra.
Occurrence and behavior of known lines in stellar spectra.
PART II
THEORY OF THERMAL IONIZATION
VI. THE HIGH-TEMPERATURE ABSORPTION SPECTRUM OF A GAS 91
The schematic reversing layer.
The absorption of radiation.
Low temperature conditions.
Ultimate lines.
Ionization.
Production of subordinate lines.
Lines of ionized atoms.
Summary.
VII. CRITICAL DISCUSSION OF IONIZATION THEORY 105
Saha’s treatment--marginal appearance.
Theoretical formulae.
Physical constants required by the formulae.
Assumptions necessary for the application.
Laboratory evidence bearing on the theory.
(a) Ultimate lines.
(b) Temperature classes.
(c) Furnace experiments.
(d) Conductivity of flames.
Solar intensities as a test of ionization theory.
VIII. OBSERVATIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE TEST OF IONIZATION
THEORY 116
Measurement of line intensity.
Method of standardization.
Summary of results.
Consistency of results.
IX. THE IONIZATION TEMPERATURE SCALE 133
Consistency of the preliminary scale.
Effect of pressure.
Levels of origin of ultimate and subordinate lines.
Influence of relative abundance.
Method of determining effective partial pressure.
The corrected temperature scale.
X. EFFECTS OF ABSOLUTE MAGNITUDE UPON THE SPECTRUM 140
Influence of surface gravity on ionization.
Influence of pressure.
Influence of temperature gradient.
Comparison of predicted and observed effects.
Abnormal behavior of enhanced lines of alkaline earths.
PART III
ADDITIONAL DEDUCTIONS FROM IONIZATION THEORY
XI. THE ASTROPHYSICAL EVALUATION OF PHYSICAL CONSTANTS 155
Spectroscopic constants (Plaskett).
Critical potentials (Payne).
Duration of atomic states (Milne).
XII. SPECIAL PROBLEMS IN STELLAR ATMOSPHERES 161
Class O stars.
Class A stars.
The Balmer lines.
Classification of A stars.
Silicon and Strontium stars.
Peculiar Class A stars.
c-stars.
XIII. THE RELATIVE ABUNDANCE OF THE ELEMENTS 177
Terrestrial data.
Astrophysical data.
Uniformity of composition of stellar atmospheres.
Marginal appearance.
Comparison of stellar and terrestrial estimates.
XIV. THE MEANING OF STELLAR CLASSIFICATION 190
Principles of classification.
Object of the Draper Classification.
Method of classifying.
Finer Subdivisions of the Draper Classes.
Implications of the Draper system.
Homogeneity of the classes.
Spectral differences between giants and dwarfs.
XV. ON THE FUTURE OF THE PROBLEM 199
APPENDICES
I. INDEX TO DEFINITIONS 203
II. SERIES RELATIONS IN LINE SPECTRA 203
III. LIST OF STARS USED IN CHAPTER VIII 205
IV. INTENSITY CHANGES OF LINES WITH UNKNOWN SERIES RELATIONS 207
V. MATERIAL ON A STARS, QUOTED IN CHAPTER XII 208
SUBJECT INDEX 211
NAME INDEX 214
I made the proofing of this book for Free Literature and Project Gutenberg will publish it.
CONTENTS
PART I
THE PHYSICAL GROUNDWORK
I. THE LABORATORY BASIS OF ASTROPHYSICS 3
Relation of physics to astrophysics.
Properties of matter associated with nuclear structure.
Arrangement of extra-nuclear electrons.
Critical potentials.
Duration of atomic states.
Relative probabilities of atomic states.
Effect on the spectrum of conditions at the source.
(a) Temperature class.
(b) Pressure effects.
(c) Zeemann effect.
(d) Stark effect.
II. THE STELLAR TEMPERATURE SCALE 27
Definitions.
The mean temperature scale.
Temperatures of individual stars.
Differences in temperature between giants and dwarfs
The temperature scale based on ionization.
III. PRESSURES IN STELLAR ATMOSPHERES 34
Range in stellar pressures.
Measures of pressure in the reversing layer.
(a) Pressure shifts of spectral lines.
(b) Sharpness of lines.
(c) Widths of lines.
(d) Flash spectrum.
(e) Equilibrium of outer layers of the sun.
(f) Observed limit of the Balmer series.
(g) Ionization phenomena.
IV. THE SOURCE AND COMPOSITION OF THE STELLAR SPECTRUM 46
General appearance of the stellar spectrum.
Descriptive definitions.
The continuous background.
The reversing layer.
Emission lines.
V. ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS IN STELLAR ATMOSPHERES 55
Identifications with laboratory spectra.
Occurrence and behavior of known lines in stellar spectra.
PART II
THEORY OF THERMAL IONIZATION
VI. THE HIGH-TEMPERATURE ABSORPTION SPECTRUM OF A GAS 91
The schematic reversing layer.
The absorption of radiation.
Low temperature conditions.
Ultimate lines.
Ionization.
Production of subordinate lines.
Lines of ionized atoms.
Summary.
VII. CRITICAL DISCUSSION OF IONIZATION THEORY 105
Saha’s treatment--marginal appearance.
Theoretical formulae.
Physical constants required by the formulae.
Assumptions necessary for the application.
Laboratory evidence bearing on the theory.
(a) Ultimate lines.
(b) Temperature classes.
(c) Furnace experiments.
(d) Conductivity of flames.
Solar intensities as a test of ionization theory.
VIII. OBSERVATIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE TEST OF IONIZATION
THEORY 116
Measurement of line intensity.
Method of standardization.
Summary of results.
Consistency of results.
IX. THE IONIZATION TEMPERATURE SCALE 133
Consistency of the preliminary scale.
Effect of pressure.
Levels of origin of ultimate and subordinate lines.
Influence of relative abundance.
Method of determining effective partial pressure.
The corrected temperature scale.
X. EFFECTS OF ABSOLUTE MAGNITUDE UPON THE SPECTRUM 140
Influence of surface gravity on ionization.
Influence of pressure.
Influence of temperature gradient.
Comparison of predicted and observed effects.
Abnormal behavior of enhanced lines of alkaline earths.
PART III
ADDITIONAL DEDUCTIONS FROM IONIZATION THEORY
XI. THE ASTROPHYSICAL EVALUATION OF PHYSICAL CONSTANTS 155
Spectroscopic constants (Plaskett).
Critical potentials (Payne).
Duration of atomic states (Milne).
XII. SPECIAL PROBLEMS IN STELLAR ATMOSPHERES 161
Class O stars.
Class A stars.
The Balmer lines.
Classification of A stars.
Silicon and Strontium stars.
Peculiar Class A stars.
c-stars.
XIII. THE RELATIVE ABUNDANCE OF THE ELEMENTS 177
Terrestrial data.
Astrophysical data.
Uniformity of composition of stellar atmospheres.
Marginal appearance.
Comparison of stellar and terrestrial estimates.
XIV. THE MEANING OF STELLAR CLASSIFICATION 190
Principles of classification.
Object of the Draper Classification.
Method of classifying.
Finer Subdivisions of the Draper Classes.
Implications of the Draper system.
Homogeneity of the classes.
Spectral differences between giants and dwarfs.
XV. ON THE FUTURE OF THE PROBLEM 199
APPENDICES
I. INDEX TO DEFINITIONS 203
II. SERIES RELATIONS IN LINE SPECTRA 203
III. LIST OF STARS USED IN CHAPTER VIII 205
IV. INTENSITY CHANGES OF LINES WITH UNKNOWN SERIES RELATIONS 207
V. MATERIAL ON A STARS, QUOTED IN CHAPTER XII 208
SUBJECT INDEX 211
NAME INDEX 214
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