As one begins reading, it's confusing, shocking, and finally, infuriating at being cheated, and seeing the hubris of a publication series now one's certain is based in US!
"The War of 1812 is a complicated war with as many as four different sides, each with its own plan for success. Pitched against each other were the United States, Canada, the Native tribes, and Great Britain."
WHAT????!!!!!
For most of us, the very mention of 1812, especially in context of a war, signifies Tchaikovsky and his 1812, written honouring and welcoming Napoleon's advent into Moscow.
"The Year 1812, Solemn Overture, Op. 49, popularly known as the 1812 Overture, is a concert overture in E♭ major written in 1880 by Russian composer Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky to commemorate the successful Russian defense against Napoleon I's invading Grande Armée in 1812. Wikipedia"
And to those of us literate, having lived for better part of a decade during vital years does not change that association, but on the contrary, gets affirmed if not formed in the first place.
"The Americans objected to the British blockade of trade with France and the continent. When the Royal Navy began boarding American ships to search out sailors suspected of being British citizens, the Americans tried both political and physical means to assert their neutrality on the seas. War Hawk politicians in the United States, on the other hand, started eyeing the taking of Canadian territory as a suitable retribution against British aggression. Canada, though still a British colony, found itself fighting for independence against the Americans. Native Americans, unhappy with recent treaties and forced movements westward, sought a solution and a homeland in the turmoil. Many tribes joined under Shawnee Chief Tecumseh in alliance with the British in an effort to gain political power against the Americans and secure sovereign territory for themselves in the interior of America. Through it all, Britain fought to hold on to its interests in North America."
As proud as US is of her earlier migrants having cheated, robbed and massacred the natives - hence the paki friendship? - since this bunch of skirmishes went on for at least half a decade, wouldn't it be less cheating to call it, say, Early Nineteenth Century War Between Four Across The Pond, instead of stealing the title 1812 from a dead maestro venerated in world of music, not to mention from Napoleon with his conquest of Europe and arrival in Moscow?
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"“The acquisition of Canada this year, as far as the neighborhood of Quebec, will be a mere matter of marching, and will give us experience for the attack of Halifax the next, and the final expulsion of England from the American continent.”
"—Thomas Jefferson"
As despicable as Hitler’s policy and actions were a half a century later, he was merely emulating this!
Hitler wasn't that different, then! On the contrary - in occupying Europe and getting rid of non-German populations (by various means including extermination) thereof only half a century later, he was merely emulating the earlier US policy of expansion for his own, of acquiring a "lebensraum" for Germans!
And for all that, Thomas Jefferson isn't even criticised in UK, US or Europe, while Germans are and quite definitely so, for merely copying UK and US.
Mere racism there?
Doing in Europe to European populations, exactly as was bring done to rest of the world, from India to Africa to Alaska to Ushuaia to Hawaii to Indonesia, was a no-no, because only of race?
As despicable as Hitler’s policy and actions were a half a century later, he was merely emulating a not so much earlier US!
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"After the Revolution, the United States sold all its warships, but in 1794, six frigates were built to fight against privateers from the Barbary State of North Africa. ... "
Author fails to explain why.
Why were US in need of warring against "Barbary State of North Africa"? They weren't in the way of US expansion across continent, and US wasn't colonising any part of Africa.
So. Why were US in need of warring against "Barbary State of North Africa"? Author isn't saying.
Why? Paid by oil money?
Reality is about "privateers from the Barbary State of North Africa" being busy kidnapping European women, and generally women of European descent, from ships plying across Atlantic, especially those travelling from Mediterranean ports, for purposes of breeding, in an effort to whitewash the progeny.
Hence the germination of US navy.
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" ... James Madison had hoped to bring the war to an early end. From U.S. Ambassador to Russia, John Quincy Adams, son of John Adams, Madison received the message that the tsar might act as a mediator between the United States and Great Britain. Madison was happy to accept the proposition and sent Albert Gallatin and James Bayard to join Adams as potential commissioners for that purpose in St. Petersburg. However, in September 1812, England was not at all interested in mediation.
"America had planned a four-pronged attack on Canada. As it happened, two of the attacks failed, and two were not launched. ... "
They forget these little details when mentioning the US-Canadian border as the most peaceful international border.
"The 1812 Canadian campaign was a failure for the Americans, but the loss of General Brock was nevertheless a major blow to the British. ... The American fort had been evacuated by its garrison after a bombardment from British batteries the afternoon of the battle and could have been taken."
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"“You, too, will be driven away from your native land and ancient domains as leaves are driven before the wintry storms. Sleep not longer, O Choctaws and Chickasaws, in false security and delusive hopes. Our broad domains are fast escaping from our grasp.”
"—Tecumseh, Shawnee chief"
The title Gone With The Wind with its heartbreaking inherent meaning and connotations fits them far more.
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" ... For two days after the burning of Washington, hurricane-force storms impeded the armies and all travelers as they both headed toward Maryland. Madison, having first attempted for Maryland, heard that the British had left Washington and therefore summoned his cabinet on August 27 to join him in D.C. Mrs. Madison also returned and went to live in the home of her sister and brother-in-law until she could arrange a house for her and the president."
" ... The British believed that Baltimore was the seat for many of the American privateers, and therefore, an assault on Baltimore was the next objective. The assault by land would approach under Ross’s command via North Point while the naval attack under Cochrane aimed for Fort McHenry."
" ... Witnessing the overnight bombardment of Fort McHenry, which lasted 25 hours, Francis Scott Key was moved to write the words that would become the lyrics for the American national anthem."
" ... With these battles, Britain and the United States were ready to begin discussing a treaty of peace at Ghent, Belgium."
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" ... Napoleon escaped from his prison on Elba on February 26, 1815, and Britain had no more time for North America. In fact, Britain was very annoyed with the United States. For years Britain had been fighting the major threat of Napoleon while Madison and their old colonies had been such a nuisance. Britain never expended more than seven percent of its military effort in the American war and afterward barely seemed to acknowledge that it happened. Their only real goal had been to keep Canada intact. Success achieved.
"The Canadians were relieved that they were still a separate colony with their own identity. If anything, the war had given them an identity. Canadian communities had been burned and looted by American troops during the war, and although time healed all wounds, Canadians felt they had successfully stood their ground against their southern neighbor. It was also a benefit that the Canadian economy had gained a wartime boost. Life was good.
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"The United States was still a new nation sometimes unsure how to proceed with acts of governance. In 1810, the Twelfth Congress had been elected and was seated the following March in accordance with the schedule in the Constitution. The Democratic-Republican Party, also the party of President James Madison who was elected to a four-year term in 1808, held the majority in both the House and the Senate.
"Despite President Washington’s warning against the formation of political parties, America quickly became a two-party nation. The Federalist Party, promoting centralizing policies, was run by Alexander Hamilton while the Democratic-Republican Party, organized by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison (but not related to either of the two modern parties known by the same names), opposed strong centralization and supported states’ rights even to the extent of allowing states to nullify a federal law."
Which didn't help union in 1861.
"The 1810 national census revealed the United States to be a fast-growing nation. The increase in population over the preceding decade was 36.4 percent. The actual population total was 7,239,881, mostly in the north where the four largest cities—New York City, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Boston—were located. Seventeen states were now in the union, up from the original thirteen, and new territories were forming westward.
"James Madison had the challenge or misfortune to become president in a time of political crisis. Declared by future generations both a Founding Father and the Father of the Constitution for his work in drafting the document, his achievements in office have generally been judged as above average in recent surveys of political historians. This judgment is reflected by his decisions and actions during the years leading up to and during the conflict of the War of 1812."
War of 1805-1814 would be far more accurate.
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"History books rarely note that the 1803 Louisiana Purchase had disturbing consequences for Native American tribes. Until Napoleon quietly ceded the massive tracts of the Louisiana Purchase west of the Mississippi to the United States, native tribes did not expect to be pushed continually westward. Immediately after the Louisiana Purchase was made, the American government increased negotiations for more white settlement on remaining Indian lands east of the Mississippi."
"Negotiations"?????
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"One region that was particularly strategic for trade routes and river traffic was the portion of the Mississippi River Valley from Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin, south to East St. Louis, Illinois. The first governor of the Indiana Territory, which included the present state of Illinois, was the future president, William Henry Harrison. Taking advantage of sudden unrest between the Sauk and some settlers due to an argument ending in a settler homicide, Harrison demanded that the Sauk meet with him and bring the accused. Five Sauk warriors came, apparently expecting that they were going to negotiate traditional compensation for the relatives of the killed man, “to cover the blood” in their words, as was done among the tribes. In no way did these five men have authority to negotiate land sales, and Harrison knew that well. The man who was the killer was not released but, to the others’ dismay, executed for murder that day. The warrior Black Hawk later wrote in his autobiography that the Sauk men did not understand the document they had signed on November 3, 1804. Its official name is Ratified Indian Treaty #43, sometimes called the Treaty of St. Louis. Harrison and the government insisted the treaty gave to the United States all Sauk and Fox rights to lands extending over large parts of Wisconsin, Illinois, and Missouri."
Funny, do they teach their children that cheating is all right as long as you kill the ones you cheat?
"Dealings with Native Americans to the west were not going well for all concerned. To the east, on the ocean and in Europe, continuing wars disrupted trade. The United States wanted to be treated as neutral by England and France, but there were maritime blockades and restrictions to consider.
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"The news from the west became more distressing. James Madison won the election of 1808, becoming president in March 1809. Fighting escalated in the Indiana Territory under Governor William Henry Harrison. His primary opposition, it was increasingly perceived, was the Shawnee Chief Tecumseh, born 1768 in Ohio, who had joined with his brother Laulewasikau, also known as the Prophet Tenskwatawa, both calling for a return to traditional cultural values and rejection of white influences. Tecumseh envisioned a large Indian confederacy preserving native lands and cultures while holding back white encroachment. He attracted many followers among the younger braves of numerous tribes, but the older leaders seemed to fear for the disruption of authority while Harrison and local white settlers felt threatened."
And he had to pay with his life if they "felt threatened", despite their selves being the aggressors robbing natives of land and life!
"Harrison’s aggressive treaty practices and documented tendencies to offer temporary support to someone, or some group, particularly when he needed cooperation from them, would become a focus of conflict in his future interactions with Tecumseh. Harrison’s driving objective was the acquisition of land for the United States. With the 1809 Treaty of Fort Wayne, he is said to have worked through the tribes involved, beginning with the agreeable Potawatomie who convinced the unwilling Miami to sign. Harrison and the Miami then offered the Wea, who were absent at the first negotiations, a subsidy to sign. Finally, Harrison promised the Wea an additional subsidy if they could also get the Kickapoo to sign. The treaty was finalized in the spring of 1810, ceding over 3,000,000 acres of Indian land to American settlers."
Did they know it amounted to their own permanent ouster from their land?
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"Tecumseh was outraged. He proclaimed that Indian lands belonged to all tribes, and no lands could be sold without the consent of all. Tecumseh now set out intentionally to convince all tribes of this policy and of the necessity for a great Indian confederacy.
"Tecumseh was elsewhere in 1811 garnering support when Harrison made a sudden attack with an army of 1,100 soldiers on Tecumseh’s settlement, Prophet’s Town. The town was burned, and more critically, the food supply was destroyed. Laulewasikau responded but was defeated in battle—according to original accounts. In more modern assessments, Harrison’s forces took a beating, and the result was more of a draw. Harrison had twice as many men as Laulewasikau and suffered 200 casualties of whom 60 died. Tecumseh’s people lost 50 warriors with perhaps 80 wounded. Unfortunately, Laulewasikau had promised his warriors that the white men’s bullets would not hurt them. When this failed to be true, he and Tecumseh lost credibility. The confrontation on November 7 became known to Americans as the Battle of Tippecanoe. Harrison made the tale of the battle into his greatest victory and the core of his later presidential campaign."
So Harrison was a liar.
"The battle turned the tribes against the idea of a confederacy, and support for Tecumseh’s plan dispersed. White settlers in the Indiana Territory became much more confident of their safety. Tecumseh needed another plan."
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