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Sub Rosa: The O. S. S. and American Espionage

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A thrilling history of the Office of Strategic Services, America’s precursor to the CIA, and its secret operations behind enemy lines during World War II.
 
Born in the fires of the Second World War, the Office of Strategic Services, or OSS, was the brainchild of legendary US Maj. Gen. William “Wild Bill” Donovan, designed to provide covert aid to resistance fighters in European nations occupied by Germany’s Nazi aggressors. Paratroopers Stewart Alsop and Thomas Braden—both of whom would become important political columnists in postwar years—became part of Wild Bill’s able collection of soldiers, spies, and covert operatives. Sub Rosa is an enthralling insider’s history of the remarkable intelligence operation that gave birth to the CIA.
 
In Sub Rosa, Alsop and Braden take readers on a breathtaking journey through the birth and development of the top secret wartime espionage organization and detail many of the extraordinary OSS missions in France, Germany, Dakar and Casablanca in North Africa, and in the jungles of Burma that helped to hasten the end of the Japanese Empire and the fall of Adolf Hitler’s powerful Reich.
 
As exciting as any international thriller written by Eric Ambler or Graham Greene, Alsop and Braden’s Sub Rosa is an indispensable addition to the literary history of American espionage and intelligence.
 

241 pages, Kindle Edition

First published January 1, 1946

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About the author

Stewart Alsop

23 books1 follower
Joseph Wright Alsop with Stewart Alsop, his brother, wrote the syndicated column "Matter of Fact" from 1946 to 1958.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewart...

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Displaying 1 - 9 of 9 reviews
Profile Image for Michael.
1,094 reviews1,968 followers
July 10, 2017
This brief account of the origins and range of work done by the Office of Strategic Services (precursor to the CIA) during World War 2 was fascinating and informative. It was written in 1946 by two authors who served with it on missions to help the resistance behind the lines in Nazi-occupied France. Thus, it has a freshness and accuracy borne of recent experience. On the down side, at the time of writing much historical analyses of OSS operations and their impact on the progress of the war remained to be carried out, and the secrecy of many missions was still under wraps.

As the U.S. got closer to joining the war in 1941, the need for a centralized intelligence service was an obvious one for Roosevelt. Getting information on the plans and capabilities of enemy and potentially enemy nations called for teamwork with diverse experts and active undercover work by agents on the scene in these countries. Nurturing and supporting the work of insurgents and partisans in those countries with similar goals to America’s was a parallel priority. The effectiveness of Britain’s MI-6 in these spheres was an alluring model, but the abuses of the Soviet security services and brutal methods of its spies was an anathema to the American public. The intentions of world domination by Germany and Japan made the development of a home-grown spy organization more acceptable and necessary.

Instead of turning to the intelligence services of the Army, Navy or FBI, Roosevelt tapped an old friend, Bill Donovan, to get it started. We get an incisive sketch of his leadership style, but never enough to satisfy my interests spurred by countless cameo appearances in fiction and broad historical accounts of the war.
An expansive enthusiasm has been the hallmark of “Wild Bill” Donovan’s career. Donovan was born in a lace-curtain Irish home in Buffalo. He won the Congressional Medal of Honor while leading the famous Fighting 69th in World War 1, and afterwards rose to such prominence as a lawyer that he was the Republican nominee for Governor of New York in 1933. Throughout his career he had a shrewd penchant for first names, for meeting the right people, and for expanding generously in every direction. OSS was a direct reflection of Donovan’s character. He was its spark plug, the moving force behind it. In a sense it could be said that Donovan was OSS.

Donovan exercised his free reign and generous funding to hire for his new agency a whole bunch of military types bored with their civilian status or current duties and itching to make a difference. Academic and technical experts of all stripes were hired, from history and languages to engineering and business spheres. At this point in history the dust hadn’t settled on the question of whether this broad casting of nets was inspired or profligate and looney. Regardless, the growth of the agency went into high gear after Pearl Harbor, soaring toward its ultimate peak of 12,000 employees. Only about 10% were involved in field placements, including about 1,000 who were parachuted behind enemy lines in occupied countries, from Norway to Burma. Typically, a team of three included an American officer, a radio operator, and an enlistee with local connections or foreign language skills. When success at hooking up with the local resistance was accomplished, the next step would be radioing back information on enemy activity and arrangement for clandestine air drops of needed supplies and weapons. A small subset of volunteer agents were on their own like as in the common conception of a spy from literature and film, typically in positions with local governments critical to monitoring enemy operations.

The authors illustrate the varieties of success and failures of the initiatives in France, Holland, Italy, Thailand, Burma, Morocco, and Switzerland. I loved this range in the stories. Of these, the latter two were independent countries, and both were sites of an espionage extravaganza (think of the movie Casablanca). Examples from France reveal cases where the agents joined a strong organization of the resistance (maquisards) and waged wide-ranging and effective guerilla operations. In others, they had to build a resistance group from scratch. Coordination and alignment with the objectives of the conventional military forces was a fine art. In the case of Italy, the advance of Allied forces up from Sicily was so glacially slow that the guerilla activities were premature and resulted in a systematic and brutal scouring of partisan bands. In Thailand, the secret invaders were able to harness the support of the premier himself, who served as the main leader of resistance activity. In Burma, a small band of American and British agents (Detachment 101 and the Merrill Marauders) were able to take an airfield with the help of Kachin tribesmen who were well skilled in fighting invaders over the centuries and in a strength that eventually swelled to thousands. Compared to battle deaths of nearly, 5,500 Japanese soldiers, less than 100 Kachins and 15 Americans died in combat. The hit and run tactics of the resistance in France and Italy were estimated by the authors to incur more modest but respectable comparative ratios of 3 or 4 enemy kills per Allied combatant killed.

The book usefully divides the OSS mode of field operations into stages: recruitment, authentication of a plausible persona, training, dispatching into the field, and communication and support of their mission while there. Discussions of these steps provided a number of fascinating stories, including triumphs and tragic failures. Examples of women as agents were noted but not given attention equal to the interest I had in that subject. Cases of extreme moral boundaries that had to be crossed included ones where the agents had to effectively look away when the partisans killed prisoners and one case where a local woman’s collaboration with the Vichy version of the Gestapo had to be killed after ratting out one of the insurgents, leading to execution of his family.

It was ironic how this modern war with mechanized armies armed with tanks and artillery still provided an opportunity for individual human efforts by small bands of ragged volunteers armed with simple hand weapons and explosives to impede and disrupt their goals. The impacts of resistance activities and the information they provided is generally hard to gauge, but a number of clear cases of demonstrable outcomes were presented. A fine example is the fieldwork by OSS in North Africa that fooled the Germans on the site of the Allied invasion persuaded most forces of the Vichy French Army not to fight, thereby resulting in very modest casualty numbers when Eisenhower pulled off Operation Torch.

Despite there being plenty of more in-depth histories of OSS and ones that benefit from decades of research, I would recommend this as an accessible introduction to the subject with some special energy in its presentation due to its writing so soon after the war. The quality of the writing reflects the talent of the authors, who went on to become famous journalists in print and TV media. It was a surprise for me to learn at the end how the OSS was disbanded and its research division shifted to the State Department. In other words, it wasn’t directly transformed into the CIA but only a model for its inception several years later with the ramp-up of the Cold War.

The new version of this book was provided by the publisher for review through the Netgalley program.
Profile Image for Christine.
7,224 reviews569 followers
April 3, 2017
Disclaimer: ARC via Netgalley.

In my English 101 class, we just talked about spies and saboteurs in World War II. It was in a conversation about an essay that dealt with the changing nature of history books in schools. We were discussing people and ideas that history books leave out. Female resistance members and the dropping of people into occupied countries came up.

Perhaps we don’t like talking about such people in wars because there is a whiff, just a whiff, of something not quite right. It is almost sneaky but in an understandable way. It is the question of tough choices and we really know that real spies are not James Bond in any of his incarnations. It is messy and tough, and not fair.

Perhaps that is why. Perhaps this is also why we romanticize the role because we know that it is a necessary one.

This slim volume gives a brief history of the OSS (the forerunner to the CIA) built pretty much by Wild Bill Donovan as well as detailing some of the lesser known missions. Both Alsop and Braden worked for the OSS, so the reader gets a sense of wanting the deserved acknowledgement.

Considering the time in which the authors lived, they deserve absolute kudos for noting woman agents and pointing out that the women agents did not hesitate to throw themselves out of perfectly good airplanes. It almost makes up for the use of only male missions in the second section of the book.
The authors also note the use of non-white agents as well.
Yet the authors do deserve praise for not trying to sugar coat not only the risks but also the need to sometimes act in a less than chivalrous way, this is particularly true of the last class.
At times, the stories seem to be a bit blogged down with words (and sometimes with too similar names), yet Alsop and Braden do a good job at bringing a little known but very important role in the Second World War to light.
Profile Image for Donna Davis.
1,939 reviews316 followers
June 3, 2017
I was invited to read and review this title by Net Galley and Open Road Media. At first I thought it looked like a real winner, and in many respects it is. For me, one glaring problem made it impossible to finish; more on that in a minute. For those interested in the Resistance during World War II, this may prove a successful read and an interesting one if you can get past the hurdle that stopped me.

And now, the rant: Why is it—I ask for perhaps the tenth time—that publishers that would never, ever dream of letting literature that gratuitously uses the “N” word, and rightfully so, nevertheless let anti-Asian slurs drift in and out of historical prose as if they are nothing more than period details? Yes, it’s true that in World War II, Japanese were called some ugly things, and inexplicably, so were Chinese, though they were friendly toward the US. And it’s also true that there are Black men in the US military that were referred to by ugly, racist epithets by Caucasians at all levels of command. We don’t reprint the nasty words used with regard to African-American troops, because those words are hurtful, and the use of them is wrong. In fact, it may be considered a hate crime.

So then…why is it any less urgent that anti-Asian insults be expunged from literature?

If I had seen just one or two instances in this work, I would have included a comment to that effect here and move forward with a description of the book itself. And it’s true that there is solid information provided by specialists here, along with meaty anecdotes. It’s not easy to find accessible books that describe the Resistance in a knowledgeable way, and this book does that. In fact, without the vile language incorporated here without recognition or comment on the part of the authors or the publisher, I would probably rate this at five stars. But it’s hard to be certain because when I hit the page where 5 slurs appeared on one page of my Kindle—at about the 40% mark—I gave up.

Yo, Open Road. I love that you folks were among the first to auto-approve me when I was a brand new blogger, and I have been looking for a chance to pay you back with a five star review. And we almost had that here. But you need to do whatever it is that publishers do when they find offensive terms sprinkled throughout the text of an otherwise worthy book for no good reason. If you can’t do that, I can’t praise your historical works.

For Asians—some 6 million in the USA, according to the most recent Census—for those that love Asians and hate racism, this book is not recommended.
851 reviews28 followers
April 3, 2017
The O.S.S. was the spy agency that enabled many of the victories in WWII in Europe and the Far East. This is the story of how the institution began, its creation by William J. Donovan, its policies and practices. Learning from the British, Donovan realized what was needed and set about picking prime candidates to supervise the practices of resistance, find and communicate information about planned attacks, and spread propaganda to frequently spread false information that would cause the Germans and Japanese to change their plans of attack.
A lively account of a certain spy, “Billy,” provides the reader with the mystery behind each mission. Every spy had certain reasons for his or her total dedication to the cause and Billy was no different. Without giving away the entire story, suffice to say that at certain times, leaders were uncertain as to whether Billy spied on the right side or even was a double agent. Communication often faltered or was delayed because of unforeseen circumstances and this was the case with Billy who manages to complete his job and return unscathed and confident, leaving his superiors with an increased understanding about all the obstacles that could and did arise in each delicate circumstance.
We read about how many of these men and women lost their lives and the realization is stark in learning about the relentless and formidable dangers ever-present for those who succeeded and failed. The latter are honored as much as those who succeeded.
Many more Operations are described and the OSS was placed under the Army but the records of these notable operations was kept and has provided much material for those carry out similar roles in different conflicts and wars. More notes are added such as the fact that the information from OSS – 60 per cent to be precise – enabled the eventual invasion of Southern France that led to the end of the war. The reality is that OSS members were deeply tied to the military events that changed the course of what might have been a German and Japanese takeover of the world. This weapon of warfare, OSS, is still being evaluated and appreciated in diverse ways.
Stewart Alsop and Thomas Baden have described a wartime group that was more than worth the money spent, recounted actions that were worthy of decoration but more often were silently allowed to pass into the annals of history but are now being noted for their intelligence in both peace and war. Nicely done and recommended reading!
Profile Image for Elizabeth.
Author 74 books182 followers
March 7, 2012
A book my father and my godfather wrote just after returning from working with the Maquis in France. Excellent firsthand account of the OSS in its successful WW II days.
Profile Image for Anne.
804 reviews
June 16, 2017
I had to remind myself several times when I was reading this that it was real life stories of real life spies. It seemed at times so far fetched and at times funny, that it didn't seem this could be the way spies operated through World War Two. How buttons were sewed on and being full of bravado may have been important but some of the stories show how ill prepared these brave people were. At times I was trying to work out whose side some of the spies were on as they used their guile and cunning to escape capture and death or in several cases unfortunately not to.

It would have been a 5 star review but I was uncomfortable with the continuous use of the word "Jap" to describe Japanese people. This did not seem necessary or appropriate.

I was given a copy of this book by Netgalley in return for an honest review.
Profile Image for Casey.
1,090 reviews67 followers
June 4, 2019
This book is about the founding and role of the Office of Strategic Services during World War II led by William Donovan. The first third of the book lays out the background and development of the O.S.S. and then goes into specific cases and the role that the organization played in each. While the authors do a credibe job with the book, it just did not grab me. I felt that there is much detail about the organization that was lacking in this book.  It is a quick read due to it's length.

I recomend this book for those looking for those looking for an overview of the role that the Office of Strategic Services played in World War II.

I received a free Kindle copy of this book courtesy of NetGalley and the publisher with the understanding that I would post a review on Net Galley, Goodreads, Amazon and my fiction book review blog. I also posted it to my Facebook and Twitter pages.
Profile Image for Jon Koebrick.
1,185 reviews11 followers
May 26, 2023
Sub Rosa had lots of good information about the O.S.S. in WWII but poorly organized and not well written. The book was written in 1946 and probably was written too contemporaneously to understand and convey the importance of the organization that became the Central Intelligence Agency. 2 stars.
Profile Image for Dave.
259 reviews8 followers
June 27, 2017
Review originally published at Book of Bogan.

Sub Rosa is a brief, action-packed history of the early years of the Office of Strategic Services, the World War 2 predecessor to the Central Intelligence Agency. The authors were there on the front lines, and write with an eminently readable style that draws the reader into the world of secret missions into occupied territory. 

This is no great indepth analysis of the history of the war, but rather a quick and dirty look at the quick and dirty parts of the war that few knew about at the time, and in some cases remain a mystery this day. It is worth noting that this was originally published in the wake of the second world war, but I still found new insights into the history of the organisation some 70 years down the track.

I received a review copy through NetGalley in exchange for an honest review. 
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