"We Aryans are in fact members of the European family. It's a mere accident of geography that Iran is in the Middle East rather than among its fellow European neighbours" - Mohammad Reza Shah, former king of Iran (1941-1979) (non-verbatim).
The word 'ariya' has inspired the name of Iran (land of the Aryans) and been used for centuries to historically and philologically categorise the cultures and languages of the Iranian plateau. The Persian king Dariush described himself using this word, and it is mentioned in the Avesta, the pre-islamic Zoroastrian book of faith of Iranians. Its later variant – “Aryan” – gained popularity in the late 1800's through the intellectual reformer, Mirza Aqa Kermani, who was a student of the Iranian-Azerbaijani author, playwright and ultra-nationalist, Mirza Fatali Akhundzadeh (Akhundov). According to Zia-Ebrahimi, Akhundzadeh is the founder of what he calls “dislocative nationalism” described as 'an operation that takes place in the realm of the imagination, an operation whereby the Iranian nation is dislodged from its empirical reality as a majority-Muslim society situated in the "East". Iran is presented as an Aryan nation adrift, by accident, as it were, from the rest of its fellow Aryans' (read: Europeans).
Akhundzadeh’s development of the Aryan idea may have been an attempt to come to terms with a perception of a ‘fall of Great Iran’ (Persian Empire) by ascribing it to Islamic Empirical attacks on Iran and correspondingly equate the grandeur of pre-islamic Iran to "Aryan" roots. In any case ‘Aryanism’ served a modernisation purpose such that Iranians would mimic European conceptions of the nation, and Akhundzadeh utilized the Aryan notion to 1) create the narrative that Iranians share the same superior racial origin and through that streamline otherwise diverse Iranians, and 2) to “clean” Iranian identity from Arab introduced Muslim and “Semitic” influence totally. In so doing, he took an ancient descriptive term of Iranian cultures and languages - 'ariya' - and infused it with prescriptive race-related content based on "science" from 19th century Europe - thus birthing the 'Aryan'.
Based on the rationalism of the Enlightenment, he sought to take superstitious religion out of the basis of Iranian identity and replace it with a “rational” nationalist one, blind to the religiousness of nationalism itself i.e. un-substantiated belief in certain tenets of the idea of the nation e.g. as being homogenous. He pushed the idea that Iran was a highly cohesive and primordial nation thus sweeping its minorities under the Aryan carpet in complete contradiction with the Enlightenment concepts of cosmopolitanism, argues Zia-Ebrahimi.
To a certain extent, Akhundzadeh succeeded in equating Aryanism with mimicking Europeans, which can perhaps be seen in its influence on the power-holders of Iran. For example, Reza Shah, the first Pahlavi king and ruler of Iran after the fall of the Qajar dynasty, who took power in 1925, outlawed tribal and traditional clothes as well as fez-like headgear and launched a campaign to force Muslim women to discard the veil in 1934. His son and heir, Mohammad Reza Shah, who in 1965 named himself Aryamehr (Light of the Aryans), is later quoted saying: “The Middle East. What is it? One can no longer find us there. But Asia, yes. We are Asian Aryans whose mentality and philosophy are close to those of the European states, above all France.”. In “Tarikhe Irane qadim” (History of Ancient Iran:1928), the first history text book commissioned by the early Pahlavi state, the author Hassan Pirniya, went so far as to claim that ancient Iranians emigrated from the Scandinavian peninsula! Modern Iranian nationalism has to a large degree been developed in a dislodged vacuum contradicting socio-cultural realities "on the ground". Perhaps this ultimately helped bring down the monarchy. Although we cannot establish a causality, there is a puzzling correlation between the introduction and use of a particular Aryan identity narrative and the oppression of minorities, centralization of power and restriction of political freedom under the Pahlavi regime.
In my opinion 'Aryanism' as a racial concept needs to be discarded in describing and defining the Iranian 'mosaic' because it carries with it exclusionist and chauvinistic ideas. Iranians didn't come from one giant Aryan. The concept "racializes" the relationship between the different communities of Iran. What is the place of Arab-, African-, Turkmen- and perhaps even Azeri-Iranians - who in the logic of Aryanism are respectively “semitic” and “turkic” and thus non-aryan - in their own historic country?
It furthermore totally disregards the clear similarities between parts of Iranian and - say - Arabic and Turkish culture, language and tradition. The Middle East is complex. Cultures are intertwined. Identities are not static. This is also why I tend to agree with one of the arguments of the book - in so far as I have interpreted it correctly - as a defence of a constitutional nationalism, rather than an ethnic-racial one.
This book is important because it contributes to the debate of what it constitutes to be Iranian in a country with such a paradoxical modern political history. I hope this book will gain a large readership.