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The Minority Experience: Navigating Emotional and Organizational Realities
It's hard to be in the minority. If you're the only person from your ethnic or cultural background in your organization or team, you probably know the challenges of being misunderstood or marginalized. You might find yourself inadvertently overlooked or actively silenced. Even when a work environment is not blatantly racist or hostile, people of color often struggle to thrive--and may end up leaving the organization. Being a minority is not just about numbers. It's about understanding pain, power, and the impact of the past. Organizational consultant Adrian Pei describes key challenges ethnic minorities face in majority culture organizations. He unpacks how historical forces shape contemporary realities, and what both minority and majority cultures need to know in order to work together fruitfully. If you're a cultural minority working in a majority culture organization, or if you're a majority culture supervisor of people from other backgrounds, learn the dynamics at work. And be encouraged that you can help make things better so that all can flourish.
208 pages, Paperback
Published September 4, 2018
43 people are currently reading
440 people want to read
About the author
Adrian Pei
4 books10 followersAdrian Pei (Stanford University, Fuller Seminary) is a leadership trainer, speaker, and certified change management practitioner. After two decades of working in leadership and organizational development for some of the most prominent nonprofit and corporate companies in the world, he founded The Change Navigation Company (changenavigation.co)—a training, coaching, and consulting firm that provides services to motivated individuals, organizations, and universities alike. Pei is an award-winning author of multiple books, and enjoys collaborating with people and organizations to find solutions that will help them to thrive.
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Displaying 1 - 30 of 64 reviews
June 16, 2021
This is a compassionate and insightful examination of the challenges ethnic minorities face in life and at work. It weaves together the experiences of Asians, Blacks, Native Americans, and Latinos in America (although as a book that's 211 pages long, this references episodes and events that support his framework of the minority experience rather than gives the entire history/landscape).
I found most of the book really helpful and was absorbed, but the chapter on organizational development felt like it was trying to bite off too much.
Worth reading if you're looking to broaden your understanding of the minority experience in America.
Capturing some points for my own reference:
Pei defines the minority experience in three ways: 1) it isn't primarily about head knowledge but about the emotional realities of pain, 2) it isn't about sheer numbers or demographic percentages, but about who holds power, and it isn't just about current events or politics, but is even more about how those things are impacted by the past.
In one of the situations that he experienced, he said that he wasn't facing "malicious behavior, but rather something much more subtle--a culture of power that resisted differences, and a culture of passivity in response to pain. In such an environment, the unspoken message was "We won't think about you, unless we're forced to."
Another key element of the minority experience is self-doubt. "This self-doubt comes from repeated experiences of being different, being questioned or regarded with suspicion, and even being silenced and shut down. Self-doubt comes from experiences of pain."
Being a minority is about feeling like you're on the outside. "Every time someone asks me "what country I come from" or remarks on how well I speak English, it's a reminder that maybe I don't quite belong. As much as I want and try to fit in, I have this sinking feeling that it won't ever be enough and I'll always be on the outside looking in."
Minorities "experience a unique and additional layer of pain that those from the majority culture simply do not have to deal with. It's the pain that comes from minority injustices, from slavery and Japanese internment camps to racial slurs and negative stereotypes in the media."
Another example is a white person could easily go through their entire life without needing to know about black literature, art, music, and history. He could choose to never engage with the black community, and he would never be penalized in his livelihood or economic status for that. Minorities do not have that choice about engaging with the white community.
Pei notes that systemic power is often hardest for people to accept or understand, because it is largely invisible. He quotes Andy Crouch as defining privilege (which is built on systemic power) as "the ongoing benefits of past successful exercises of power." Pei defines power as "not having to think about something that is significant to somebody else." For example, minorities often have to work harder to get noticed at work, have access to fewer opportunities, etc.
Talking about the past and the impact on today, he shares "Michelle Alexander comes to a similar conclusion [that there are numerous historical examples of white backlash or reaction immediately following a significant advancement for Black Americans] in her acclaimed book The New Jim Crow, where she tracks three systems the whites have used for control--slavery, Jim Crow laws, and mass incarceration. She observes that following each collapse of one of these systems of control, there is a pattern of confusion, transition, and "then backlash intensifies and a new form of radicalized social control begins to take hold.""
"Because of the history of racial slurs, the person who's speaking it makes all the difference in how it's communicated and interpreted."
Quote from New York Times journalist, Michael Luo, when he wrote an open letter to a white woman who told him to "go back to China."
One recommendation from Pei is to avoid looking for simplistic solutions. American history and culture tends to focus on victories and success, on seeking answers and solutions (which can result in forgetting or ignoring periods when we failed or did not act well). He says that sometimes you can do more harm by trying to take action, when instead "what is needed is instead to listen or to lament the injustices that minorities have experienced."
"The minority experience is not a series of unrelated events on a timeline. It is more like a cumulative painting of emotions and experiences on a canvas. It builds and can wear minorities down."
For Christians, I thought this reminder is especially timely. That in Leviticus, it says "You must treat the foreigner living among you as native-born and love him as yourself, for you were foreigners in the land of Egypt."
I found most of the book really helpful and was absorbed, but the chapter on organizational development felt like it was trying to bite off too much.
Worth reading if you're looking to broaden your understanding of the minority experience in America.
Capturing some points for my own reference:
Pei defines the minority experience in three ways: 1) it isn't primarily about head knowledge but about the emotional realities of pain, 2) it isn't about sheer numbers or demographic percentages, but about who holds power, and it isn't just about current events or politics, but is even more about how those things are impacted by the past.
In one of the situations that he experienced, he said that he wasn't facing "malicious behavior, but rather something much more subtle--a culture of power that resisted differences, and a culture of passivity in response to pain. In such an environment, the unspoken message was "We won't think about you, unless we're forced to."
Another key element of the minority experience is self-doubt. "This self-doubt comes from repeated experiences of being different, being questioned or regarded with suspicion, and even being silenced and shut down. Self-doubt comes from experiences of pain."
Being a minority is about feeling like you're on the outside. "Every time someone asks me "what country I come from" or remarks on how well I speak English, it's a reminder that maybe I don't quite belong. As much as I want and try to fit in, I have this sinking feeling that it won't ever be enough and I'll always be on the outside looking in."
Minorities "experience a unique and additional layer of pain that those from the majority culture simply do not have to deal with. It's the pain that comes from minority injustices, from slavery and Japanese internment camps to racial slurs and negative stereotypes in the media."
Another example is a white person could easily go through their entire life without needing to know about black literature, art, music, and history. He could choose to never engage with the black community, and he would never be penalized in his livelihood or economic status for that. Minorities do not have that choice about engaging with the white community.
Pei notes that systemic power is often hardest for people to accept or understand, because it is largely invisible. He quotes Andy Crouch as defining privilege (which is built on systemic power) as "the ongoing benefits of past successful exercises of power." Pei defines power as "not having to think about something that is significant to somebody else." For example, minorities often have to work harder to get noticed at work, have access to fewer opportunities, etc.
Talking about the past and the impact on today, he shares "Michelle Alexander comes to a similar conclusion [that there are numerous historical examples of white backlash or reaction immediately following a significant advancement for Black Americans] in her acclaimed book The New Jim Crow, where she tracks three systems the whites have used for control--slavery, Jim Crow laws, and mass incarceration. She observes that following each collapse of one of these systems of control, there is a pattern of confusion, transition, and "then backlash intensifies and a new form of radicalized social control begins to take hold.""
"Because of the history of racial slurs, the person who's speaking it makes all the difference in how it's communicated and interpreted."
Quote from New York Times journalist, Michael Luo, when he wrote an open letter to a white woman who told him to "go back to China."
Maybe you don't know this, but the insults you hurled at my family get to the heart of the Asian-American experience. It's this persistent sense of otherness that a lot of us struggle with every day. That no matter what we do, how successful we are, what friends we make, we don't belong. We're foreign. We're not American. ... Are we ever going to feel like we belong?"
One recommendation from Pei is to avoid looking for simplistic solutions. American history and culture tends to focus on victories and success, on seeking answers and solutions (which can result in forgetting or ignoring periods when we failed or did not act well). He says that sometimes you can do more harm by trying to take action, when instead "what is needed is instead to listen or to lament the injustices that minorities have experienced."
"The minority experience is not a series of unrelated events on a timeline. It is more like a cumulative painting of emotions and experiences on a canvas. It builds and can wear minorities down."
For Christians, I thought this reminder is especially timely. That in Leviticus, it says "You must treat the foreigner living among you as native-born and love him as yourself, for you were foreigners in the land of Egypt."
February 14, 2019
Summary: A book that explores the minority experience in organizations and how organizations can meet these challenges redemptively.
Being a minority is not a mere matter of numbers but an emotional experience that is about pain, about power, and who holds it, and about the past, a history and accumulation of experiences. Adrian Pei maintains that understanding these realities of pain, power, and the past are crucial to understanding and beginning to address the minority experience. He writes out of his experience as an Asian-American working within Epic, the Asian-American ministry of Cru, eventually serving as their national director of leadership development before moving into a consultant role in organizational development.
The first part of the book focuses on the emotional experience of being a minority in an organization. He describes the pain of self-doubt ("Am I the problem?"), the internalizing of pain and shame. Pei describes an experience with a leader during new staff training, and a conversation with that leader ten years later where he was able to both speak out and be listened to. He describes the inequities of power often unconsciously built into systems that attempt to domesticate minorities, to make them "fit in." He also helps us understand how every minority has a past that colors current experience. Latinos, particularly in the southwest US saw the white United States take their country from Mexico and them reject them, wishing them south of the "new" border. Asian-Americans came as cheap and expendable labor on the Trans-Continental railroad. Blacks came against their will as slaves. Native peoples endured the seizure of their land, and then pejorative portrayals in media and even sports logos. To continue to try to step up when one is put down is wearying, another part of the history of the past that shapes the present.
Organizations often want to skip over issues of pain, power, and the past, but before doing anything else, it is crucial to sit with them, not rush to "solve" them. Understanding pain can lead to compassion, understanding power can lead to advocacy, and understanding the past can lead to wisdom. Part Two then begins to address the change process in organizations from this base. Pei outlines a seven step change process:
Step One: Why change or diversify?
Step Two: Who will lead our change process?
Step Three: Make an organizational assessment.
Step Four: What is the goal and the problem?
Step Five: Prepare for change.
Step Six: Execute Change.
Step Seven: Internalize Change.
Pei offers detailed principles, questions, and examples for each step. Then he goes back to pain, power, and the past and in detail discusses how we might see pain with eyes of compassion, steward power with the hands of advocacy, and reframe the past with a heart of wisdom. His conclusion draws hope from the narrative of Deuteronomy. God led Israel through pain for forty years so they could eat food in comfort in the land. God led them through power in the experience of deliverance from slavery so they would remember who gave them their freedom. God took them from a small and insignificant past to be great in number. This gives him hope as he works with organizations, even in our polarized society.
Perhaps the most powerful word for me as someone senior in age from a majority culture is the word to sit with those who experience pain, deficits in power, and a past history and just listen. It's so tempting to jump in and try to relate comparable experiences, but this is just not helpful, or to "heal wounds lightly," which usually only increases pain. When this begins to be uncomfortable, there is the choice to self-protect and defend, or to go deeper yet and ask, "tell me more."
The other lesson of this book is that change is a process, and one not undertaken lightly or accomplished quickly. At one point, Pei writes about an Asian-American leader in a predominantly white InterVarsity, who patiently worked over 30 years and pioneered a program to develop Asian-American and other minority leaders. One of those leaders, Tom Lin, is now InterVarsity's president in a much more diverse organization. A clear vision of why an organization wants to foster diversity, and resolved leadership who persist, are critical in change processes.
Most of all, Pei's personal vulnerability in sharing his own experiences of pain, power, and the past strengthens the work immeasurably. He offers hope without dodging the hard realities he has had to negotiate, even in a well-meaning Christian organization. The stories of organizations who have worked through such processes offer hope for others contemplating leaning into these challenges.
Being a minority is not a mere matter of numbers but an emotional experience that is about pain, about power, and who holds it, and about the past, a history and accumulation of experiences. Adrian Pei maintains that understanding these realities of pain, power, and the past are crucial to understanding and beginning to address the minority experience. He writes out of his experience as an Asian-American working within Epic, the Asian-American ministry of Cru, eventually serving as their national director of leadership development before moving into a consultant role in organizational development.
The first part of the book focuses on the emotional experience of being a minority in an organization. He describes the pain of self-doubt ("Am I the problem?"), the internalizing of pain and shame. Pei describes an experience with a leader during new staff training, and a conversation with that leader ten years later where he was able to both speak out and be listened to. He describes the inequities of power often unconsciously built into systems that attempt to domesticate minorities, to make them "fit in." He also helps us understand how every minority has a past that colors current experience. Latinos, particularly in the southwest US saw the white United States take their country from Mexico and them reject them, wishing them south of the "new" border. Asian-Americans came as cheap and expendable labor on the Trans-Continental railroad. Blacks came against their will as slaves. Native peoples endured the seizure of their land, and then pejorative portrayals in media and even sports logos. To continue to try to step up when one is put down is wearying, another part of the history of the past that shapes the present.
Organizations often want to skip over issues of pain, power, and the past, but before doing anything else, it is crucial to sit with them, not rush to "solve" them. Understanding pain can lead to compassion, understanding power can lead to advocacy, and understanding the past can lead to wisdom. Part Two then begins to address the change process in organizations from this base. Pei outlines a seven step change process:
Step One: Why change or diversify?
Step Two: Who will lead our change process?
Step Three: Make an organizational assessment.
Step Four: What is the goal and the problem?
Step Five: Prepare for change.
Step Six: Execute Change.
Step Seven: Internalize Change.
Pei offers detailed principles, questions, and examples for each step. Then he goes back to pain, power, and the past and in detail discusses how we might see pain with eyes of compassion, steward power with the hands of advocacy, and reframe the past with a heart of wisdom. His conclusion draws hope from the narrative of Deuteronomy. God led Israel through pain for forty years so they could eat food in comfort in the land. God led them through power in the experience of deliverance from slavery so they would remember who gave them their freedom. God took them from a small and insignificant past to be great in number. This gives him hope as he works with organizations, even in our polarized society.
Perhaps the most powerful word for me as someone senior in age from a majority culture is the word to sit with those who experience pain, deficits in power, and a past history and just listen. It's so tempting to jump in and try to relate comparable experiences, but this is just not helpful, or to "heal wounds lightly," which usually only increases pain. When this begins to be uncomfortable, there is the choice to self-protect and defend, or to go deeper yet and ask, "tell me more."
The other lesson of this book is that change is a process, and one not undertaken lightly or accomplished quickly. At one point, Pei writes about an Asian-American leader in a predominantly white InterVarsity, who patiently worked over 30 years and pioneered a program to develop Asian-American and other minority leaders. One of those leaders, Tom Lin, is now InterVarsity's president in a much more diverse organization. A clear vision of why an organization wants to foster diversity, and resolved leadership who persist, are critical in change processes.
Most of all, Pei's personal vulnerability in sharing his own experiences of pain, power, and the past strengthens the work immeasurably. He offers hope without dodging the hard realities he has had to negotiate, even in a well-meaning Christian organization. The stories of organizations who have worked through such processes offer hope for others contemplating leaning into these challenges.
September 4, 2018
"I read The Minority Experience while going through a challenging time, in a context in which I was one of just two people of color at the table, and the book was exactly what I needed to handle the feelings of pain and isolation I was wrestling with. I felt understood, validated, and given permission to lean into pain points instead of just shrugging them off or too quickly giving my majority-culture colleagues a pass as I too often have done in the past. Adrian's book gave me language and a construct to better understand my challenges while also providing practical suggestions to help my organization and my colleagues learn and grow through the pain points I have been experiencing. It has not been an easy journey, by any means, and I know the future is not likely to be without additional experiences of hardship as a woman of color in a largely white-dominated Christian organization. But I am so glad to know a resource like this exists both for those of us who are people of color in these spaces, as well as for our white colleagues to understand where we are coming from without our having to be the ones to explain and educate them each and every time. The Minority Experience may be just the resource that helps those minorities in your places and spaces to feel understood instead of marginalized, and that keeps them from leaving your context in order to find another workplace that might finally understand their unique point of view. Organizational leaders of every background need to get their hands on this book so the whole company, and not just people of color, can thrive."
September 4, 2018
Short Review: This is a very helpful book on organizational development both for minorities trying to process their experience within predominately White ministries and for those that are White in leadership of those organizations. The focus is on Christian parachurch organizations, but there are a lot of principles that carry through to secular organizations as well.
The focus is on structural system that make it difficult for minorities to work in these organizations. There is memoir and personal experience and stories here to well illustrate, but this is not a book primarily of memoir. Anthony Bradley's book Aliens in the Promised Land I think is the closest book to this that I have previously read. But this is more organizationally focused.
Pei focuses this on how many minorities have a a similar experience because the system that they encounter are not individual but structural. And I think that is helpful for system because Whites tend to think about racism as primarily individual animus and not structural. It is the structural nature of racism that makes these experiences similar.
My fuller thoughts (about 1000 words) are on my review on my blog at http://bookwi.se/the-minority-experie...
The focus is on structural system that make it difficult for minorities to work in these organizations. There is memoir and personal experience and stories here to well illustrate, but this is not a book primarily of memoir. Anthony Bradley's book Aliens in the Promised Land I think is the closest book to this that I have previously read. But this is more organizationally focused.
Pei focuses this on how many minorities have a a similar experience because the system that they encounter are not individual but structural. And I think that is helpful for system because Whites tend to think about racism as primarily individual animus and not structural. It is the structural nature of racism that makes these experiences similar.
My fuller thoughts (about 1000 words) are on my review on my blog at http://bookwi.se/the-minority-experie...
September 4, 2018
After finishing Adrian Pei’s The Minority Experience, I am still left reeling from a simple and short line from the book: “Neither time nor history are neutral.” As an ethnic minority in the US, seeing this statement feels immediately obvious, but with a little more reflection and opportunity to sink-in, I’m brought to feel the weight and consequences of time and history taking sides—and mostly taking the side of the powerful and privileged majority. Yet, instead of being left in despair, Adrian endows us with hopefulness and a challenge to take our place in a most important conversation and movement. This is an eloquent and thorough must-read for leaders in any capacity—in any organization.
September 2, 2018
"The Minority Experience" is a vulnerable, thoughtful, and optimistic book. It's both an invitation to grieve and an invitation to hope; to learn about previous experiences and to dream of new, better ones. Adrian divides the book into parts. First is understanding the experience of minorities of the US. This part was deeply healing for me. I understood myself better and it helped me make sense of many emotions I have experienced. It also gave me language to have some painful, but edifying and needed conversations.
The second part of the book walks us through steps of how to bring organizational and personal change. In grateful for Adrian's leadership in this area. This is a book I will recommend to many!
The second part of the book walks us through steps of how to bring organizational and personal change. In grateful for Adrian's leadership in this area. This is a book I will recommend to many!
December 3, 2018
A hopeful and helpful read! I had to jet through it because I borrowed it through an interlibrary loan and can't renew it, but I hope to get my own copy soon and take a slower pass through the material. Pei writes clearly and persuasively, and I love that each chapter concludes with biblical examples. Recommended.
January 22, 2020
I really enjoyed this book starting out. But I think I enjoyed the stories more than the tips and advice. Perhaps because those don’t apply to me as much as the stories gave me insight into Adrian pays experience.
August 7, 2018
This book poignantly examines the minority experience from many different perspectives and lenses (though the author comes from an Asian American and Christian background). While the subject matter is weighty, the book is easy to read and contains humorous anecdotes and timely references. It's clear the author cares deeply about this topic on a personal level that goes far beyond academic and intellectual interest. The book is well researched, and the perspectives of a great many experts, leaders, writers, and authors are mined from a broad spectrum of backgrounds. The author's observations about society, work culture, and the often misguided social media movements are particularly insightful. After reading the book I have a deeper understanding of the minority experience and have found myself guilty of some of the easy and ineffective fixes the author writes about. Highly recommend to any reader whether they regard themselves as a minority or not.
August 7, 2018
I keep thinking of different variations of the quote, "the truth will set you free but first it will make you miserable." As a person in the majority culture serving in a large Christian organization, it's painful to read about what the author and other people of color have experienced with regularity. Yet, this is definitely the good kind of pain that exposes truths that need to be faced. While the specific stories are unique to the author, the dynamics he names and describes are common, and generally go unacknowledged by the majority. I'm grateful for his voice, naming things that are true but uncomfortable, and giving a clear call for a better way forward. This book will be helpful for anyone but particularly enlightening for those in the majority culture who want to understand the experiences they are often blind to, and be propelled toward change, advocacy and mutuality.
September 8, 2018
To grow oneness in the Body of Christ, to develop understanding between people, to encourage acceptance and respect when there are differences all require more than just willingness to reach across those differences. Adrian Pei gives us that opportunity. In The Minority Experience he invites us to walk with him on his journey as a minority living and working in a majority culture. His honesty and vulnerability give us a taste of the feelings of inadequacy and the pain he has lived through, and of the victories achieved. This book can give hope to other minorities inhabiting a majority space, and enable those majority people to gain empathy, comprehension and compassion for the reality of the challenges facing our brothers and sisters.
April 12, 2021
I devoured this book. It came at a crucial time for me, and the grid and vocabulary Adrian gives in light of his experiences were very helpful. As an ethnic minority, to be reminded I'm not alone in the midst of navigating emotional and organization realities that don't always resonate with me was extremely comforting and encouraging. I think as well, for majority culture, it's a well written book that can help give more insight to an ethnic minorities possible experience (not wanting to speak for every minority). Fantastic read!
November 26, 2018
Being a white male I've never had to navigate the minority experience. Yes, I've occasionally found myself in a space where I am the minority figure, but even then my place in the broader majority culture has given me a certain amount of power. I cannot change who I am, but I can listen to voices whose experiences are different than mine. This is why the slogan "all lives matter," usually uttered by white males, fails to catch the reality of the human situation in the land that I call home. It is from the perspective as being part of the majority culture that I read Adrian Pei's important book "The Minority Experience."
This book is written by an Asian-American evangelical Christian who has experienced life within a white-majority Christian organization. Adrian Pei was once a staff-member of Cru, serving as associate national director of leadership development of Cru's Epic Movement. Today he is an organizational development consultant and leadership trainer. It is out of his experience with Cru that this book emerges. The book is addressed first and foremost to minority folks, especially minority Christians, trying to name the challenges faced living in a white majority culture, which often assumes that white culture is normative culture. Thus, the way to succeed is to assimilate and let go of one's cultural/ethnic identities. Pei suggests another path forward, which involves empowerment. For those of us living in the majority culture, this book invites us to listen and try to comprehend realities different from our own.
Pei divides his nine chapters into two parts. Part One focuses on "Understanding the Minority Experience." Much of this story is autobiographical. This is lived experience of "self-doubt" (chapter one), "pain, power, and the past" (chapter two), "domestication" (chapter three), and "weariness" (chapter four). The titles of these chapters give us a sense of the minority experience. The emphasis is on the past. Realities have been set in motion in the past that are difficult to overcome. They have to do with power differentials that are systemic in nature.
In Part Tw0, Pei seeks to redeem the minority experience. Building on the descriptions provided in part one, Pei seeks to move things forward, speaking of the challenges of organizational development in chapter five. Here he speaks of working to diversify organizations, something that remains difficult (and which is creating political backlash). There is a chapter on "seeing pain with eyes of compassion" (chapter six), in which he explores the pain of invisibility. The compassion here is not for the culture, but for one another within the system of minority cultures in our country. Chapter seven is titled "stewarding power with hands of advocacy." In this chapter Pei addresses the ongoing problem of sabotage, which often involves minority communities being pitted against each other, and moving toward advocacy for one another. Then in chapter eight he seeks to reframe the past with wisdom. Here he speaks of partnership between minority and majority communities that will reframe the realities of the past so as to empower the future. It is a work not only of reconciliation but healing unjust systems. Finally, in chapter nine, he speaks of the challenge and opportunity. The challenge is one of empowerment, and the opportunity is one of partnership. For this to happen, those of us in the majority culture will need to listen, understand, and step back. That won't be easy, but it is the way forward.
We are living in a time of increasing demographic changes. Before long the United States will be a majority minority nation, a nation where no racial-ethnic community has more than 50% of the population. Not everyone is comfortable with this, which has led to anti-immigration and anti-minority sentiment among a component of the white American population. Despite the resistance, change is coming. Having wise guides like Adrian Pei will help us move into this new reality in ways that can bless all.
One thing to note, Pei is an evangelical Christian and as such reads scripture through what some might find a conservative lens. There were a few places where I found his reading of scripture different from my own, especially regarding atonement theology. Nonetheless, the book is an important statement concerning the minority experience. Thus, to be recommended highly!
This book is written by an Asian-American evangelical Christian who has experienced life within a white-majority Christian organization. Adrian Pei was once a staff-member of Cru, serving as associate national director of leadership development of Cru's Epic Movement. Today he is an organizational development consultant and leadership trainer. It is out of his experience with Cru that this book emerges. The book is addressed first and foremost to minority folks, especially minority Christians, trying to name the challenges faced living in a white majority culture, which often assumes that white culture is normative culture. Thus, the way to succeed is to assimilate and let go of one's cultural/ethnic identities. Pei suggests another path forward, which involves empowerment. For those of us living in the majority culture, this book invites us to listen and try to comprehend realities different from our own.
Pei divides his nine chapters into two parts. Part One focuses on "Understanding the Minority Experience." Much of this story is autobiographical. This is lived experience of "self-doubt" (chapter one), "pain, power, and the past" (chapter two), "domestication" (chapter three), and "weariness" (chapter four). The titles of these chapters give us a sense of the minority experience. The emphasis is on the past. Realities have been set in motion in the past that are difficult to overcome. They have to do with power differentials that are systemic in nature.
In Part Tw0, Pei seeks to redeem the minority experience. Building on the descriptions provided in part one, Pei seeks to move things forward, speaking of the challenges of organizational development in chapter five. Here he speaks of working to diversify organizations, something that remains difficult (and which is creating political backlash). There is a chapter on "seeing pain with eyes of compassion" (chapter six), in which he explores the pain of invisibility. The compassion here is not for the culture, but for one another within the system of minority cultures in our country. Chapter seven is titled "stewarding power with hands of advocacy." In this chapter Pei addresses the ongoing problem of sabotage, which often involves minority communities being pitted against each other, and moving toward advocacy for one another. Then in chapter eight he seeks to reframe the past with wisdom. Here he speaks of partnership between minority and majority communities that will reframe the realities of the past so as to empower the future. It is a work not only of reconciliation but healing unjust systems. Finally, in chapter nine, he speaks of the challenge and opportunity. The challenge is one of empowerment, and the opportunity is one of partnership. For this to happen, those of us in the majority culture will need to listen, understand, and step back. That won't be easy, but it is the way forward.
We are living in a time of increasing demographic changes. Before long the United States will be a majority minority nation, a nation where no racial-ethnic community has more than 50% of the population. Not everyone is comfortable with this, which has led to anti-immigration and anti-minority sentiment among a component of the white American population. Despite the resistance, change is coming. Having wise guides like Adrian Pei will help us move into this new reality in ways that can bless all.
One thing to note, Pei is an evangelical Christian and as such reads scripture through what some might find a conservative lens. There were a few places where I found his reading of scripture different from my own, especially regarding atonement theology. Nonetheless, the book is an important statement concerning the minority experience. Thus, to be recommended highly!
September 4, 2018
This is a fantastic book. Adrian Pei invites us on a journey that is well informed by his own experience, his breadth of relationships, and study of the Black, Latino, Asian and Native American communities. He combines transparency with research in a way that is inviting and never boring. He helps us understand the minority experience through the three-part lens of pain, power and past history.
Pei’s book is especially good for three audiences. First, he writes about his personal journey so that other minorities can better understand and make sense of their own experience living in a majority white culture. Second, he provides a sensitive window into the challenges that ethnic and racial minorities face in a way that responds to many of the questions raised by majority people. For instance, he writes: “What I’m trying to do is clarify that minorities experience a unique and additional layer of pain that those from the majority culture simply do not have to deal with.” He does an excellent job of explaining why this layer of pain is so wearying for minorities and how it is different from the pain that everyone faces in their life.
The third audience that will benefit from this book is people, and especially leaders, in organizations wanting to diversify and to do it well. Pei studied organizational management at Stanford and provides some very practical and wise advice on steps to consider in developing an inclusive community that strengthens the organization. He also includes realistic pitfalls and how one might avoid them. He clarifies the weariness minorities experience working in a majority organization and why so few minorities remain for an extended period.
Pei did graduate work at Fuller Theological Seminary and works for a Christian organization. Many of his examples reflect his Christian perspective, but the book is broadly generalizable to those coming from a different worldview.
Lots of books have discussion questions for each chapter. I usually find these to be simplistic with obvious answers. Not so in Pei’s book. There are a few thoughtful questions for each chapter that a small group can discuss that will further people’s thinking or assist an individual in reflection. This is a book that requires reflection.
Pei is realistic but also hopeful. He concludes his book with reference to his three-part lens: “Pain, power, and the past—they’re not a burden that has to weaken us. They are an incredible gift that will stretch our hearts with more capacity for love and understanding than we ever knew we could have. That is the gift of the minority experience.”
Pei’s book is especially good for three audiences. First, he writes about his personal journey so that other minorities can better understand and make sense of their own experience living in a majority white culture. Second, he provides a sensitive window into the challenges that ethnic and racial minorities face in a way that responds to many of the questions raised by majority people. For instance, he writes: “What I’m trying to do is clarify that minorities experience a unique and additional layer of pain that those from the majority culture simply do not have to deal with.” He does an excellent job of explaining why this layer of pain is so wearying for minorities and how it is different from the pain that everyone faces in their life.
The third audience that will benefit from this book is people, and especially leaders, in organizations wanting to diversify and to do it well. Pei studied organizational management at Stanford and provides some very practical and wise advice on steps to consider in developing an inclusive community that strengthens the organization. He also includes realistic pitfalls and how one might avoid them. He clarifies the weariness minorities experience working in a majority organization and why so few minorities remain for an extended period.
Pei did graduate work at Fuller Theological Seminary and works for a Christian organization. Many of his examples reflect his Christian perspective, but the book is broadly generalizable to those coming from a different worldview.
Lots of books have discussion questions for each chapter. I usually find these to be simplistic with obvious answers. Not so in Pei’s book. There are a few thoughtful questions for each chapter that a small group can discuss that will further people’s thinking or assist an individual in reflection. This is a book that requires reflection.
Pei is realistic but also hopeful. He concludes his book with reference to his three-part lens: “Pain, power, and the past—they’re not a burden that has to weaken us. They are an incredible gift that will stretch our hearts with more capacity for love and understanding than we ever knew we could have. That is the gift of the minority experience.”
May 22, 2021
A really insightful read into the harmful ignorance of a majority group (white folks) can and does affect minority groups. Pei is an Asian American leader, activist, Christian organizational development consultant who spent much of his career working in the Asian American ministry of Cru. He writes about many of his own experiences of racism in a majority white organization and ministry as well as pulls in stories from other minority groups.
Pei sees 3 important aspects of his (and others') minority experience as opportunities. The first is pain in which he thoroughly describes how he has experienced pain as a minority. Pain is induced and manifests itself in a number of ways, and Pei simultaneously shares how it can be an opportunity to build compassion and empathy within minority communities and across to the majority community.
The next is power. Systems of majority power produce harmful results such as invisibility, systemic inequities, discrimination, implicit biases, negative stereotypes, and fewer people who fully understand one's experience. These often lead to increased self-doubt, racist insistence for minority groups to assimilate to majority norms, etc. In the face of these troublesome realities, Pei insists on minority groups and allies to respond with advocacy and writes "there is honor in the struggle itself."
The final theme is history in which Pei directly addresses the problems of colorblindness. The past lives in and still affects the present. To ignore it is to dismiss the ways in which the norms of society have been built which systemically favors the majority groups. In recognizing and remembering the past, wisdom and guidance inform appropriate action to a more equitable, just, and reconciled Kingdom of God on Earth.
The only other comment, I'd add is that this book was really helpful for me personally in understanding Asian American experiences as a minority in the US. So many conversations related to race are in a Black-White binary, and I find myself, at times, thinking in that binary as well. I couldn't remember where to go back and reference it, but I know Pei also spoke to this somewhere in the book. Just because the pain induced, systems of power, and history of the white majority have affected different minority communities in different ways doesn't undermine or delegitimize the experiences and injustices of different minority communities. Racism is racism, and I feel remorse for the ways that I have furthered systemic injustices explicitly and implicitly as a white, cis-gendered, heterosexual male and am simultaneously thankful for the patience, forgiveness, and love of people around me.
Pei sees 3 important aspects of his (and others') minority experience as opportunities. The first is pain in which he thoroughly describes how he has experienced pain as a minority. Pain is induced and manifests itself in a number of ways, and Pei simultaneously shares how it can be an opportunity to build compassion and empathy within minority communities and across to the majority community.
The next is power. Systems of majority power produce harmful results such as invisibility, systemic inequities, discrimination, implicit biases, negative stereotypes, and fewer people who fully understand one's experience. These often lead to increased self-doubt, racist insistence for minority groups to assimilate to majority norms, etc. In the face of these troublesome realities, Pei insists on minority groups and allies to respond with advocacy and writes "there is honor in the struggle itself."
The final theme is history in which Pei directly addresses the problems of colorblindness. The past lives in and still affects the present. To ignore it is to dismiss the ways in which the norms of society have been built which systemically favors the majority groups. In recognizing and remembering the past, wisdom and guidance inform appropriate action to a more equitable, just, and reconciled Kingdom of God on Earth.
The only other comment, I'd add is that this book was really helpful for me personally in understanding Asian American experiences as a minority in the US. So many conversations related to race are in a Black-White binary, and I find myself, at times, thinking in that binary as well. I couldn't remember where to go back and reference it, but I know Pei also spoke to this somewhere in the book. Just because the pain induced, systems of power, and history of the white majority have affected different minority communities in different ways doesn't undermine or delegitimize the experiences and injustices of different minority communities. Racism is racism, and I feel remorse for the ways that I have furthered systemic injustices explicitly and implicitly as a white, cis-gendered, heterosexual male and am simultaneously thankful for the patience, forgiveness, and love of people around me.
October 11, 2018
Full disclosure, I am a friend of Adrian's so of course I'm going to give this a glowing review!
My background is that I'm a white American with, to the best of my knowledge, a mix of Scandinavian and English heritage. I think one of Adrian's points in the book that resonates very much with what I've learned in my life is, "What I'm trying to do is clarify that minorities experience a unique and additional layer of pain that those from the majority culture simply do not have to deal with." I admit in my past that I HAVE at the very least had the strong feelings described as "white people feel pain too". I think we can all agree, in general, that life is hard! But, Adrian is expounding that he does not wish to marginalize or compare ANYONE's pain, just to point out that there is a unique pain felt as a member of the minority culture. And I really do feel as a member of the majority culture it ought to be my responsibility to do my best to appreciate that pain.
I grew up with moderate exposure to the Presbyterian church, and classify myself as somewhat of either a theist or a deist, but am not a practicing Christian and don't subscribe to one individual religion. That said, I've always been at least very curious, if nothing more than scholastically, about the major tenets of Christianity. I think Adrian does an exceptional job in this work of mapping both his thoughts and contemporary events with appropriate references from scripture.
One comparison that immediately came to mind upon reading the second part of the book, which in a nutshell is "positively channeling the results of pain, power, and the past", is (and speaking with my very limited knowledge of Buddhism) with the teaching of Buddha that the truth of suffering is also the path to end suffering. Given that Adrian mentions his familiarity with Buddhism early on, I wonder if this was intentional.
On a more personal note I fully appreciate Adrian's American Idol and Survivor references. I do have to admit I was hoping for some Les Miserables and U2 references though!
My background is that I'm a white American with, to the best of my knowledge, a mix of Scandinavian and English heritage. I think one of Adrian's points in the book that resonates very much with what I've learned in my life is, "What I'm trying to do is clarify that minorities experience a unique and additional layer of pain that those from the majority culture simply do not have to deal with." I admit in my past that I HAVE at the very least had the strong feelings described as "white people feel pain too". I think we can all agree, in general, that life is hard! But, Adrian is expounding that he does not wish to marginalize or compare ANYONE's pain, just to point out that there is a unique pain felt as a member of the minority culture. And I really do feel as a member of the majority culture it ought to be my responsibility to do my best to appreciate that pain.
I grew up with moderate exposure to the Presbyterian church, and classify myself as somewhat of either a theist or a deist, but am not a practicing Christian and don't subscribe to one individual religion. That said, I've always been at least very curious, if nothing more than scholastically, about the major tenets of Christianity. I think Adrian does an exceptional job in this work of mapping both his thoughts and contemporary events with appropriate references from scripture.
One comparison that immediately came to mind upon reading the second part of the book, which in a nutshell is "positively channeling the results of pain, power, and the past", is (and speaking with my very limited knowledge of Buddhism) with the teaching of Buddha that the truth of suffering is also the path to end suffering. Given that Adrian mentions his familiarity with Buddhism early on, I wonder if this was intentional.
On a more personal note I fully appreciate Adrian's American Idol and Survivor references. I do have to admit I was hoping for some Les Miserables and U2 references though!
September 4, 2018
The main idea of the book is that the minority experience is marked by having to think about and feel things that those in the majority culture never have to deal with. These issues center around three things: pain, power, and the past. To understand the minority experience, one needs to understand the emotional realities of pain, who holds power, and how experiences are impacted by the past. The first half of the book explains how these shape the minority experience. The second half of the book offers practical advice on how organizations can address and redeem this experience.
I found myself surprised at how helpful the book was, especially the first half. It put into words feelings that I have often felt as a minority but have never been able to clearly articulate - once I saw it in print it felt like a puzzle clicking into place. I also found the tone of the book helpful - too often books about minorities can degrade into an uncomfortable voice that shames the majority culture. While this book raises necessary calls to action for those in power, it reads more as educational than blaming, which I think is more constructive.
I found myself surprised at how helpful the book was, especially the first half. It put into words feelings that I have often felt as a minority but have never been able to clearly articulate - once I saw it in print it felt like a puzzle clicking into place. I also found the tone of the book helpful - too often books about minorities can degrade into an uncomfortable voice that shames the majority culture. While this book raises necessary calls to action for those in power, it reads more as educational than blaming, which I think is more constructive.
August 30, 2018
Are you seeking for answers to racism, bias and prejudice in the workplace? If so, this is an unique, excellent resource.
Like a cancer specialist, Adrian Pei makes insightful diagnoses of organizational malignancies. Some of the ones he describes are ‘cosmetic diversity,’ equalization, over-simplification, numbness, deconstruction, internalized blame and weariness. He’s thorough.
For healing he prescribes helpful remedies for leaders and their teams who are dealing with the messy pain and power issues inherent in diverse workplaces.
Adrian Pei transparently shares his painful experiences as well as others. His vulnerability makes this a helpful read to any non-Asian American reader. He shares how pain can be turned into compassion and power. He advocates for understanding the historical reality of marginalized people.
The many quotes in this book add strength to its premise.
My 46 years of cross-cultural ministry in the Philippines, Brazil and in L.A. with Asian Americans corroborates 100% with this book. It reflects the realities I have experienced. I only wish it was written 40 years ago!
Like a cancer specialist, Adrian Pei makes insightful diagnoses of organizational malignancies. Some of the ones he describes are ‘cosmetic diversity,’ equalization, over-simplification, numbness, deconstruction, internalized blame and weariness. He’s thorough.
For healing he prescribes helpful remedies for leaders and their teams who are dealing with the messy pain and power issues inherent in diverse workplaces.
Adrian Pei transparently shares his painful experiences as well as others. His vulnerability makes this a helpful read to any non-Asian American reader. He shares how pain can be turned into compassion and power. He advocates for understanding the historical reality of marginalized people.
The many quotes in this book add strength to its premise.
My 46 years of cross-cultural ministry in the Philippines, Brazil and in L.A. with Asian Americans corroborates 100% with this book. It reflects the realities I have experienced. I only wish it was written 40 years ago!
August 31, 2018
The Minority Experience is a much needed, well-articulated, informative book. If you’re seeking to understand the dynamic of ethnic minorities working in a majority culture space – this is an excellent resource. As an ethnic minority myself serving in a predominantly white missions organization, Adrian put into words a lot of what I've experienced and what I didn’t even realize I experienced. There were several moments that caused me to sit and process. I’m thankful for Adrian’s gift of writing which has helped me grow more in my awareness and identity as an ethnic minority. I feel hopeful for the impact this book will have in the years to come.
February 12, 2019
I thought this was a solid introduction to these matters. Having thought and read about racial reconciliation for a while, there were some ideas I had encountered before, but there were many very clear thoughts connected to Scripture in super helpful and memorable ways and some really helpful thoughts about leadership in a multi-ethnic context. As I continued to read, my respect for Pei increased. His discussion of minority pain as a result of systemic racism and his incredibly high call to honesty, peacemaking, and reconciliation is credible because of the stories he tells. I would recommend this book to any minority trying to find words to their experiences of majority-culture organizations and looking for some encouragement and hope, and to any majority-culture person seeking to respect and love their minority friends. Especially in the church.
August 27, 2018
If you think there were fine people on both sides at Charlottesville or you believe that All Lives matter or you just don't get what's so great about Crazy Rich Asians, then this book is probably not going to convince you of the case for listening to minority voices in your organization. Written in the sunshine of the Obama era, it assumes in large part these goal as a positive for all organizations (if not society). Rather than being a negative this allows the book to sidestep the political minefield this area has become. It works best as a pragmatic and practical handbook for those predisposed.
This understood, the book provides a great framework for processing, listening and understanding an area which can be wrought with misunderstanding, unintended biases, indignation and accusations. By listening and understanding the past, pain and power of those underrepresented in your organization, it can better inform more effective change.
If Adrian's examples of discrimination can seem banal, it speaks to the authenticity of how these situations play out discreetly and unintentionally in modern organizations. Occurring frequently over a universe of organizations, their effect can be just as paralyzing and alienating. It's high time that we now have a voice that speaks to this.
This understood, the book provides a great framework for processing, listening and understanding an area which can be wrought with misunderstanding, unintended biases, indignation and accusations. By listening and understanding the past, pain and power of those underrepresented in your organization, it can better inform more effective change.
If Adrian's examples of discrimination can seem banal, it speaks to the authenticity of how these situations play out discreetly and unintentionally in modern organizations. Occurring frequently over a universe of organizations, their effect can be just as paralyzing and alienating. It's high time that we now have a voice that speaks to this.
September 16, 2022
The Minority Experience is a valuable asset on the shelf for understanding what it is like for minority folk in majority spaces and organizations. I appreciate the frameworks of "pain, power, and the past"-and both minority and majority populations will appreciate learning from this perspective and the personal stories as illustrations. Pei's voice comes through as honest and insightful. Leaders of multiethnic organizations will find this valuable insight and help from this book.
August 24, 2018
This book helped me to understand the world of minorities better, especially within a majority culture context. I am Indian American and I work for a missions organization where I am surrounded by majority culture counterparts on quite a few ocassions. I found myself relating to Adrian's experiences in this story.
In some ways, Adrian helped me voice my own experiences that I internalized. I internalized them and chose not to share them with others because I didn't know how to verbalize these experiences. After reading this book, I found myself relating to him on multiple accounts. This book is a must read for everyone. This gives words to those who have an ethnic minority background and it brings awareness to majority culture individuals by sharing the difficult journey and realities the author faced. I am grateful for Adrian and his work and experiences and I know God has so much he will do through this story.
In some ways, Adrian helped me voice my own experiences that I internalized. I internalized them and chose not to share them with others because I didn't know how to verbalize these experiences. After reading this book, I found myself relating to him on multiple accounts. This book is a must read for everyone. This gives words to those who have an ethnic minority background and it brings awareness to majority culture individuals by sharing the difficult journey and realities the author faced. I am grateful for Adrian and his work and experiences and I know God has so much he will do through this story.
July 4, 2020
Such a helpful and insightful book, especially for those like me in the majority culture. His framework of understanding the minority experience through the lenses of pain, power and past will be something that sticks with me. My empathy, understanding and vision for the future have grown through reading this book.
May 11, 2019
A great book, filled will compelling stories of the minority experience. Pei makes a strong argument for both majority and minority cultures to grow in: 1) Their understanding and empathy for minority pain, 2) the reality and impact of unequal power dynamics, and 3) the wisdom that comes from humbly paying attention to the past. A must read for leaders in any organization.
January 2, 2019
This is a very clearly written book that integrates personal stories with research to examine race with a faith lens. His categories of pain, power and past reverberate throughout the book and provide a framework for the narrative. The book is very accessible to anyone new to race conversations and insightful to those who are already immersed.
June 4, 2019
Insightful, engaging, and challenging to read as a white person. Thankful for Adrian’s voice.
September 5, 2018
This book provides a timely introduction and analysis on the lives of minorities. It puts words to some strong emotions that a significant part of society experiences, known or unknown. Even in the 21st century, minorities continue to suffer today, e.g. the Rohingya Muslims or Christians in Iran and historical injustices continue to have their impact felt. The author explains that history is the reason why it's not just about each side seeing it from the other person's point of view equally because it isn't: "Minorities experience a unique and additional layer of pain that those from majority culture simply do not have to deal with."
Although written from the point of view of ethnic minorities, this book can be applied across all kinds of minorities, whether it's gender, class, religion, or marital status. The pain described is a universal one stemming from lack of justice, understanding, and dignity that comes from being different in a more homogeneous group.
The book is broken up largely into 2 parts- 1) helping the reader understand and 2) helping the reader take action
By reflecting and researching on this topic, the author has provided for people in majority cultures insight into what minorities experience every day and for people in minority cultures a deeper awareness of what's happening below the surface for themselves. As an ethnic minority growing up in the U.S., I not only recognized some of the pain the author describes, but also developed more empathy for other minorities of different types after reading this book.
Now that I'm living in Singapore as an ethnic majority, I appreciate the diversity in ethnicity, religion, and class in this small country. Unlike the U.S., Singapore chooses to retain the distinctiveness and beauty of other cultures by providing mother-tongue education, celebrating cultural holidays, and having signs in 4 languages. It's the difference of adaptation vs. assimilation, which the author also describes in detail. To be sure, there are still lots of issues that are underneath the surface in Singapore, which is why I've been encouraged by the 2nd half of the book to "walk against the flow of the moving walkway" to empathize and seek justice in my context, whether it's at work, public interactions, or even with my (future) domestic helper.
For organizations such as companies or churches, this book serves as a good conversation starter on how to embrace diversity and help minorities feel more included, even in less obvious contexts, such as singles in a church full of married couples. The included study guide is great for that purpose!
Each of us is in a majority culture in one sense or another, so I found it helpful to be convicted to get out of my comfort zone and make a difference. As the author says, "We must shift from a self-absorbed mindset to one that sees pain with eyes of compassion, stewards power with hands of advocacy, and reframes the past with a heart of wisdom."
Although written from the point of view of ethnic minorities, this book can be applied across all kinds of minorities, whether it's gender, class, religion, or marital status. The pain described is a universal one stemming from lack of justice, understanding, and dignity that comes from being different in a more homogeneous group.
The book is broken up largely into 2 parts- 1) helping the reader understand and 2) helping the reader take action
By reflecting and researching on this topic, the author has provided for people in majority cultures insight into what minorities experience every day and for people in minority cultures a deeper awareness of what's happening below the surface for themselves. As an ethnic minority growing up in the U.S., I not only recognized some of the pain the author describes, but also developed more empathy for other minorities of different types after reading this book.
Now that I'm living in Singapore as an ethnic majority, I appreciate the diversity in ethnicity, religion, and class in this small country. Unlike the U.S., Singapore chooses to retain the distinctiveness and beauty of other cultures by providing mother-tongue education, celebrating cultural holidays, and having signs in 4 languages. It's the difference of adaptation vs. assimilation, which the author also describes in detail. To be sure, there are still lots of issues that are underneath the surface in Singapore, which is why I've been encouraged by the 2nd half of the book to "walk against the flow of the moving walkway" to empathize and seek justice in my context, whether it's at work, public interactions, or even with my (future) domestic helper.
For organizations such as companies or churches, this book serves as a good conversation starter on how to embrace diversity and help minorities feel more included, even in less obvious contexts, such as singles in a church full of married couples. The included study guide is great for that purpose!
Each of us is in a majority culture in one sense or another, so I found it helpful to be convicted to get out of my comfort zone and make a difference. As the author says, "We must shift from a self-absorbed mindset to one that sees pain with eyes of compassion, stewards power with hands of advocacy, and reframes the past with a heart of wisdom."
July 31, 2018
Adrian Pei's book is a must-read for anyone who wants to understand the painful emotional realities and stifling power dynamics of so many minorities living in a majority culture. The stories from his own experience are compelling, but so too are those he relates from the lives of others. These all too frequent and often shocking experiences enable the reader to begin to see how and why majority culture dynamics and power structures so negatively affect minorities on both individual and corporate levels. In the second half of the book Adrian shares practical ways for individuals, businesses, and organizations to begin to change, and to become more honoring of and helpful to minority culture friends, employees, volunteers, and partners. Adrian's words have been so motivating to me personally. I was brought to tears many times, my way of thinking was challenged, I gained insight into myself and others, and I was given tangible ways to bring about change . . . yet I never felt shamed, berated, nor put down. Thanks for so thoughtfully inspiring me to action, Adrian!
September 30, 2018
Thought provoking, helpful, and offers practical advice and steps for understanding, including, encouraging, and empowering minorities in a white-majority United States. I recommend reading.
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