Johannes Climacus o el dudar de todas las cosas

by Søren Kierkegaard

Johannes Climacus is a novel, as well as a work of philosophy, which tells the tale of what befalls young Johannes Climacus as he decides to become a philosopher. At first he is in awe of the great thinkers, especially Hegel and Hegelians, and sets out to follow their philosophical example by exploring the maxim "Everything must be doubted." The more he examines this idea, however, the more he realizes how deluded his philosophical heroes are. Johannes Climacus demonstrates that philosophy can be humorous and entertaining as well as conceptually rigorous.

Born in 1813, Soren Kierkegaard was a Danish Christian thinker who was a forerunner of existentialism-he concerned himself with the utter isolation of the individual and the mysterious uncertainty of existence. His best known works include Fear and Trembling and Concluding Unscientific Postscript. Kierkegaard died in 1855.

Genres: Philosophy, Fiction, Short Stories

80 pages, Paperback

First published January 1, 1958

About the author

Søren Aabye Kierkegaard was a prolific 19th century Danish philosopher and theologian. Kierkegaard strongly criticised both the Hegelianism of his time and what he saw as the empty formalities of the Church of Denmark. Much of his work deals with religious themes such as faith in God, the institution of the Christian Church, Christian ethics and theology, and the emotions and feelings of individuals when faced with life choices. His early work was written under various pseudonyms who present their own distinctive viewpoints in a complex dialogue.

Kierkegaard left the task of discovering the meaning of his works to the reader, because "the task must be made difficult, for only the difficult inspires the noble-hearted". Scholars have interpreted Kierkegaard variously as an existentialist, neo-orthodoxist, postmodernist, humanist, and individualist.

Crossing the boundaries of philosophy, theology, psychology, and literature, he is an influential figure in contemporary thought.

Reviews

[Anoosha]

هیچ امتیازی نمی تونم به این کتاب بدم،چون هیچی نفهمیدم. انتخاب مناسبی نبود برای کسی که پیش زمینه ای از فلسفه نداره.

[Lysergius · Rating 4 out of 5]

I have always had a problem with the concept of doubt being fundamental to philosophy. Johannes has the same problem... Johannes Climacus, is an unorthodox philosophical work, in that it is a narrative. Unfinished as of 1843 (Kierkegaard began it in the previous year). He uses the pseudonym as the subject of the work. The Latin subtitle means "One must doubt everything", and this is what Johannes endeavours to do. Recalling the young Descartes who began his Meditations by seeking to remove all presuppositions, except that which is truly self-evident. Descartes, in his famous dictum Cogito ergo sum [I think therefore I am], posited the existence of the self based on the activity or presence of the cognitive process. Descartes reasoned that since his "I" thought, he therefore had an "I" which existed in the process of thinking. He needed to posit the self so that he could posit God and the world.

[Sina · Rating 5 out of 5]

هگل در پدیدارشناسیِ روح در نفی شکّاکیت در نهایت به این جا می‌رسد که شکّاک با نفیِ جهان در اصل خودش را نفی می‌کند، کیرکگور در انتهای این کتابِ کوتاهِ ناتمامِ حکایت‌گونه‌ی شگفت‌انگیز( شاید Bildungsroman آنگونه که باید می‌بود؛ به تعبیری کانتی صورت برترش، بالاترین علاقه‌ی آن!) تقریبن آن تز هگلی را وارونه می‌کند: شکّاک جهان را ممکن می‌کند؛ « شک آغاز بالاترین صورت باشندگی [ اگزیستانس] است، زیرا می‌تواند واجدِ همه‌ی چیزهای دیگر به عنوانِ پیش‌فرضِ خویش باشد.» از اینجا، باز هم چیزی که ذهنم را غلغلک می‌دهد، آن است که کیرکگور را می‌توان واسطی میانِ دیالکتیک ( در معنایی اعم از هگل) و پدیدارشناسیِ هرمنوتیکی در نظر گرفت و با کمکِ بازخوانیِ رادیکالش، حتی پروژه‌ی هایدگری را پربارتر کرد.

همیشه ترسم این بود که با خواندنِ دیگر آثار کیرکگور، درخششِ خیره‌کننده‌ی « ترس و لرز» برایم رنگ ببازد و آن هم اثری شود در کنارِ دیگر آثار؛ این دفترچه‌ی کوچکِ فرزانگی، از درخشش آن تغزل دیالکتیکی ایمان در دیده‌ام نکاست، بلکه به آن وضوح بهتری بخشید.

[Alex · Rating 4 out of 5]

Immediacy is reality; language is ideality; consciousness is contradiction. The moment I express reality, the contradiction is there, for what I say is ideality.

The possibility of doubt, then, lies in consciousness, whose very essence is a contradiction that is produced by, and itself produces, a duplexity.


--- va urma ---

[Dan-Bogdan Popescu · Rating 5 out of 5]

păcat că această nuvelă/povestire e neterminată pentru că e genială și îmi umple sufletul cu plăcerea și satisfacția că fac licența despre ceva atât de cool

[Francisco · Rating 4 out of 5]

Otro título para este libro es ¿De todo hay que dudar?

Es un relato filosófico breve respecto a la existencia de la duda y cómo la enfrenta un joven filósofo en una época donde el idealismo alemán es preponderante en una era moderna temprana aún. A tavés de un relato fácil de seguir introduce al lector a un problema filosófico: La duda y su papel. El texto no fue publicado por Kierkegaard en su día por lo que puede que falte algo.

Johannes Clímacus reflexiona continuamente como estudiante y nunca llega a alcanzar certezas, lee a los filósofos y tampoco. Llega a la idea, casi lugar común entre los filósofos que conoció que dice De Omnibus Dubitandum Est (de todo hay que dudar). Descartes comienza su filosofía con el problema de la duda. Y Johannes llega a los siguientes enunciados que buscará explicar:

1. La filosofía comienza con la duda
2. Uno tiene que haber dudado para llegar a filosofar
3. La filosofía moderna comienza con la duda

Y el relato se trata básicamente de cómo trata de comprender a través de esos tres enunciados el sentido de la duda en filosofía. Si "de todo hay que dudar" hay que poner en cuestión la propia pregunta. ¿De verdad la filosofía comienza con la duda? ¿Qué implica la duda como principio de toda filosofía? ¿Y si el principio fuese otro? ¿Cuál es la relación entre el individuo y el enunciado inicial? ¿Hay que dudar de todo?

Para alguien interesado en el existencialismo o la modernidad (de la cual Kierkegaard era crítico y que tiene mucho que ver con esto porque Descartes parte de la duda una nueva era en la filosofía) es un texto bastante sencillo o fluido si se quiere pero al mismo tiempo como todo texto filosófico requiere ser digerido, pensado y cuestionado. Yo no estoy muy familiarizado con Hegel pero sí conozco algunos de sus conceptos, sobre todo el de la dialéctica y se menciona aquí así que al menos conocer ese concepto puede ser necesario (ver un video de Youtube sobre la dialéctica hegeliana debería bastar).

Aunque es un texto breve que se lee rápido (no lo leas rápido) me incentivó a leer más a Kierkegaard.

[pablo! · Rating 5 out of 5]

Lo que me costó empezar este libro tras los fallidos merodeos con Diario de un Seductor y Pasión Femenina pero que introducción tan buena a lo que la filosofía puede ser

[tomasawyer · Rating 2 out of 5]

J'ai fini par trouver agaçant tout ce qui m'avait plu en lui. La passion du raisonnement et de la pensée, l'envie obstinée de tout comprendre, se transforment à force de répétition en barbant bavardage, en posture de détricoteur qui doute de tout, même du doute jusqu'à l'absurde. Le philosophe qui philosophe sur la philosophie finit par ressembler à un enculeur de mouche.

[David · Rating 3 out of 5]

Kierkegaard's Climacus is sadly unfinished and often reads as such. Climacus's internal narrative works as a series of logical propositions which carries him from doubting that philosophy is based on doubt to some interesting stuff about consciousness being the wedge between the real and the ideal. My first Kierkegaard, this certainly got me interested to read more.

[Keegan Hatt · Rating 4 out of 5]

Young Johannes sets out to be a philosopher. He is told in order to do this, he must doubt everything. What then will happen when he doubts that he must doubt everything? I wish Nietzsche read this.

[Ervan A · Rating 4 out of 5]

Johannes Climacus ou il faut douter de tout est une oeuvre philosophique qui se lit à la fois comme un conte et comme une dissertation, un essai, une baignade dans la façon de pensée d'un philosophe.
Cette oeuvre nous amène à la réflexion, plus encore elle nous amène dans la mise en place de la méthode de réflexion, l'étude d'un thème, d'un sujet, d'une problématique.
Une réflexion qui ne s'arrête pas seulement en surface mais qui explore une idée dans sa profondeur, dans sa complexité et ses nuances.
On décortique avec Johannes Climacus cette idée familière de "Il faut douter pour être un philosophe" "La philosophie commence par le doute", cette idée qu'on entend parfois énoncer sans que le sens profond en soit dégager. C'est comme un voyage dans un monde obscur, on tâtonne, on observe le concept à l'aveugle pour l'éclairer petit à petit et illuminer un chemin, une meilleure compréhension.
L'écriture de Kierkegaard est parfois abstraite, elle commence comme une nouvelle s'étendant un peu sur le personnage principal mais s'en écarte pour devenir une oeuvre plus philosophique sur l'exploration du concept du doute, de la philosophie, de la conscience et bien plus...

[Conrado · Rating 3 out of 5]

Not much to write about this one. It's unfinished and it shows. Climacus tries to make sense of the dictum "everything must be doubted", comes up with three different answers based on explanations he heard from others and finds them all wanting. In the end he tries to come up with his own answer and concludes that doubting is more than anything some kind of commitment made by consciousness, instead of some logical conclusion. It's an interesting development of pragmatist voluntarism in epistemology.

The problem is twofold. First, it's -- again -- unfinished. So the manuscript just stops suddendly in the middle of the narrator's train of thought. Second, I honestly don't have that much patience to read Kierkegaard. His terminology is confusing from the point of view of someone trained in contemporary ("analytic") philosophy and some of the parts can get tiring from so much repetition. I picked this up because I read some pretty interesting articles connecting his thought with contemporary skepticism and voluntarism, but after reading I wonder if I'll ever have the strength to read another text by him. Oh well.

[Tintarella · Rating 5 out of 5]

تاثیر تربیتی پدرش ناشی از این نبود که مردی بود که می‌دانست چگونه دانش خویش را همچون چیزی پرارزش مطرح کند، بلکه برعکس، او مردی بود که می‌دانست چگونه دانش خویش را تا حدممکن غیرمهم و بی‌ارزش عرضه کند.

[Cameron Nielsen · Rating 3 out of 5]

Unfinished. It shows.

[Damon · Rating 4 out of 5]

https://www.the-reeds.com/podcast/epi...

[Jamestohal]

Of course there had to be a story of the pseudonym.