This Teaching Company course was outstanding, both in terms of subject matter (Voltaire's life and philosophy) and the way it was presented (overview, not details) by Professor Kors. Voltaire lived a full and rich life (playwright, philosopher, polemicist), filled with personal challenges (censorship, imprisonment, death of his lover) and personal flaws (sensitive to slight). Voltaire was admired not just for what he said, but also for his voluminous commentaries on contemporary and philosophical issues (even late in life, Voltaire wrote 8-10 hours a day).
Voltaire was exceptional in his sense of justice and his battles against intolerance (primarily religious). The best part of this lecture series is on Voltaire’s Treatise on Tolerance. The source of intolerance for Voltaire comes from fanatical religious belief. Kors says (non-critically) that Voltaire was fanatic himself in his intolerance of religious fanaticism. The deeper issue, as Hoffer and others have probed, is how to explain intolerance and fanaticism. It’s tempting to see Voltaire’s relevance today, but a fanatic would be immune to Voltaire-like reasoned arguments on behalf of tolerance
Voltaire was a committed deist. The world is God’s creation. It is the product of intelligent design. Voltaire’s task was to translate the Ideal into the real through reason and to attack harmful traditions and superstitions. Interestingly, late in life Voltaire endorsed the significant repression of Luis IV because, Kors says, the king was able to establish order amid chaos. This was the prerequisite for humanitarian expression, though this repression also stood in direct opposition to the values Voltaire advocated throughout his writings.
As with the Church and its clergy, Voltaire was also critical of the atheists. He saw them as arrogant because God’s design in the world was so clearly evident. Without that belief, Voltaire believed there would be no motivation to make a better world. Some atheists reacted negatively and strongly to Voltaire’s anti-atheism but Diderot, a confirmed atheist yet admirer of Voltaire, reminded them that their right to speak against religion was because Voltaire made free intellectual expression about religion possible.
Voltaire's early optimism about the fate of humans in God's world was shaken by the Lisbon earthquake (1755). Here, Voltaire broke ranks with Leibniz's worldview (e.g., as Pope wrote, "whatever is, is right") and concluded that evil and suffering can be and must be fought. Voltaire advocated that humans must "tend to their own garden." While he remained a confirmed deist, the rest of his life was dedicated to humanistic concerns.
Voltaire is not a dry philosopher lost in the bowels of thought. His life and writing is filled with passion. Durant suggests that Voltaire provided perhaps the greatest intellectual energy in history. The controversy surrounding the last hours on his death bed (did he or did he not make peace with the priests?) falls away in history, leaving only his body and a simple gravestone that says, "Here lies Voltaire."
I've listened to this series of lectures twice (2009, 2017) and to several Teaching Company lectures from Professor Kors. He is excellent.