KO UN : THE POET WHO SAYS WITHOUT SAYING
Buddhism has influenced the poetry of three different countries-China, Japan and Korea- in different ways. Chinese poems are particularly rich in poetic expression and imageries. Their vibrant poetic lines often convey a single ideal. At the same time they demonstrate clearly the multiplicity of manners, the diversity of techniques, and the creative freedom of the human spirit that is the truest embodiment of Ch'an, a brand of Buddhist practice that, born in China, evolved to spread and thrive in East Asia for over fifteen hundred years. Zen poetry of Japan follows a kind minimalism, condensing the immediate experience into a Haiku like pattern whose richness is often evoked in what is unsaid. Korean Buddhist poetry more worldly and dwells on the purity of experience and possesses a nervy clarity. It also dwells largely on translating the pain and sufferings of ordinary people into a sublime sphere with a heart of compassion. Ko Un, the greatest living Korean poet and a perennial contender for Nobel Prize, falls into this category.
True to the title of one of his books of poems, Ten Thousand Lives, Ko Un literally lived many lives in his epoch. Born in 1933, his life was physically and emotionally traumatized as a teenager when the Korean War broke out in 1950 killing many of his relatives and friends. He had been student in the years of Japanese occupation, a Buddhist monk when he began to write, and, after his return to secular life, established himself as an alienated urban poet. In 1962, he left the Buddhist clergy only to become a drunkard. He then became a school teacher and established reputation in the literary world and produced many volumes of poetry. In 1970, overcome with his harrowing past, he drank poison while sitting in a north hill in Seoul to commit suicide. Fortunately, the soldiers hunting Korean spies found him lying in the snow and took him to hospital and he survived the attempt after being in coma for 30 hours. Due to his involvement in pro-democratic movement between 1970’s and 1980’s, he was arrested four times, imprisoned, tortured-as of which he lost his hearing in one ear-and ultimately pardoned.
The Three Way Tavern contains poems from six different collections of his poetry, the most recent from the 1990s. The book is well-translated by Clare You and Richard Silberg and contains an illuminating forward by Gary Snyder. In her useful summary-introduction Clare You notes:
Ko Un's works are generally divided into three stages: the first period, of "nihilistic wantonness"; the second period, of "resistance activism" or "social responsibility"; and the third period, the poetic culmination of his artistry, "of the language of ordinary people."
Being a Buddhist at a critical juncture in his life, it is unsurprising to note that his poems adopt a short, straight to the point linear lyrical pattern mixing wit and Koan-like wisdom. Both the man and his surrounds are integral to his poetry. Being a poet of the common folks, many of his meditative poems delineate the poverty, suffering and inner strength of the people he has encountered in his life. They often come out dignified through his eyes of compassion. Simplicity has been the hallmark of his poetry as can be seen from the illustrations here.
In the Woods
In the twilight woods
the child with me
held my hand tightly.
We two as one,
wordless,
walked deep into the woods.
There it was,
my childhood just as I left it,
a single buck loped away
This simple poem is a philosophical meditation in the Buddhist tradition. The association between woods and childhood is something strong in many of our lives.
The poem depicts a simple, beautiful scene and Ko Un’s sparse, carefully chosen phrasing elevates the scene into something more significant, giving concrete form to Buddhist concepts of what could dryly be called ‘the oneness of all being’ and also of ’eternity’. The two figures in the poem, the child and the man, walk ‘as one’ into the woods, ‘as one’ in both in the physical sense of holding hands and the mental sense of experiencing the same moment. If the ‘twilight woods’ remind us of the poet’s age – he wrote this at sixty – and of the end of life, it is well a sense of rebirth – of his return being at the same time the child’s discovery, and of these two moments being united.
In this poem we find a concluding device which is Ko Un's most characteristic feature, a closing single, isolated line which is linked to the rest of the poem yet concludes it by pointing in an unexpected, new direction, opening onto other directions, instead of giving a conventional closure. The isolated last line is intriguingly beautiful for its simplicity and power. Time can't be held onto, though memory can be revived. I find the synergy of it quite uniting the times man travel through.
Barley Fields
Let the south of this wind
bear new life
like a barley field in winter.
Like a barley field in early spring
that sprouts, shaking snow off its head.
Be like a keen barley field
that rises up no matter what,
though buried, smothered.
trampled.
Be like a green barley field
that grows stronger
and rise up
when it's trampled.
On the first day of spring,
three green barley plants bring
plenty,
two green barley plants bring enough.
But no barley plants,
what do we do? It's a bad year.
Enduring long poverty
on the hungry barley hill,
the barley is full in April winds.
Like my children,
like my children
the barley ripens.
Let my golden life be full
like the barley field of the southern Peninsula.
I found this quiet poem quite inspiring. Without a life story full of pain, Ko Un could never have written what he has written. Pain authenticates his poetry. Having witnessed blighting tragedies and undergone many crushing and humiliating experiences in life, it is no wonder that the poet puts on a sanguine face drawing upon barley fields as an inspiration for holding the head high and envisioning a buoyant future.
His Buddhist poems are succinct and clever and often contain crazy wisdom. Here are two examples.
Echo
The mountains at sundown
What are you?
What…are..you…are…you…
Drunkard
I‘ve never been one guy
sixty billion cells!
But I get to call the shots.
Sixty billion cells
all drunk!
The section ‘Whisper’ contains some of his most beautiful poems including the Barley Fields. Here is another memorable one with its startling bare imageries. Amazing that a walk in winter can epitomize the reality of our existence.
Meeting Myself
Slack woods of late November,
so it goes.
Big and small pines, entombed in green needles,
stand quiet to let
everything else
sleep under the sun
So it goes.
Other trees hang on
to a few green leaves.
A bird, finding no place to hide,
flew away yonder
and left one feather.
Suddenly, at the moment’s tolling,
I trip on a skull.
I wish to conclude my illustrations with a poem that radiates joy, the joy of a simple encounter. Unlike many poets, Ko Un’s poems shy away from embellishment, riotous joy or facile , sentimental topics. There are hardly any romantic melodies, rhythmic rhapsodies or abstract indulgence. Everything is subdued, sublime and serene like a muffled melody. The impenetrable is made intimate through immaculate imageries.
Early Spring
A shy sixteen-year-old boy,
I went on an errand
to the dogless house.
Aunt, newly wed, long teal blue skirt,
smiled brightly,
taking puppy from my arms.
Though the flowers hadn't bloomed yet,
they were full in my heart with no place to hide.
As I walked back, skirting the wet rice paddies,
my heart had no place to hide,
not even in the boastful puff of clouds.
Ko Un's poetry is a heady mix of playfulness, wit, radiance, suffering, serenity and silence. He is a natural poet and his poems read as free verse without any artificiality. They undergo little formal or stylistic polishing. The key is the subject matter and how he conceives, develops and concludes it. He doesn't force a message but very often leaves the reader with a sense of mystery and wonder. It is this what makes his poems reflective and intriguing to any sensitive reader.