Prehistoric Art consisted mostly of cave paintings and crude sculptures with exaggerated features. The purpose of the Art was mainly for rituals regarding hunting and burial. Despite the limited pallets, artists were creative, drawing animals on bumpy cave-walls to give them a three dimensional feel and painting them in several, lifelike colours.
Art as a spiritual and ritual medium continued through the Archaic and Classical periods. The Greeks and Romans often used nude male youth statues as expressions of the ideal human form. The female statues were at first depicted clothed and then nude as the periods progressed. The Greek and Roman art ideals diffused into Africa, Asia and gave rise to the Hellenistic Art form.
During these periods, Art was naturalistic and had a distinct purpose, often for burials, spirituality, fertility rites, ritual sacrifice (the Aztecs) and celebrating the great deeds of a God, King or a ruler. It was often used to highlight the beauty of the physical body as well.
In Medieval periods, Art had become a medium for expressing religiosity and the human body in a more spiritual manner. In Europe, churches were embellished with paintings, altar pieces and frescoes. Outside Europe, Islamic, Hindu and Buddhist art rose to prominence.
Artists in this period used bright, bold colours. Stained Glass art is a feature of this period, it explores light in Gothic architecture
In the context of the visual arts, the Renaissance is a period of rediscovery of the art of ancient Rome and Greece. The oil paint medium was widely used.There was a lot of competition (competitive focus between artists) in this era.
The ideals of Christianity were reconciled with the paganism of classical antiquity in a school of thought called Neo-platonism. In art, the same dignity is accorded to both Christian and Mythical subjects.The use of myth in art served as an allegorical function - it conveyed a veiled meaning.
Early Medieval and Renaissance artists used model books for their source materials. Woodcut printing also became popular as paper became cheaper.
Artists in the 15th and 16th centuries were fascinated with depicting seasonal landscapes, finding inspiration in changing colours and moods, and in the notion of the passing of time.
In the Baroque and Neoclassical period (18th Century) Paris emerged as a new artistic influence and power. While religious themes still played a major role, artists began to diverge and secular styles began taking prominence. Renewed interest in the art of classical Rome and Greek gave rise to the neoclassical movement. The desire for realistic and readily understandable images was part of the background from which Baroque art emerged.
The industrial revolution, apart from being an economic and political change, also inspired a great many artworks of the secular kind.
This period was classified by landscape paintings, portraits, sculptures and frescoes that not only glorified religious figures, but also depicted kings, queens, nobility and common folk. Series of satirical (criticising the government) and industrial (celebrating progress) pieces also emerged.
Romanticism and Symbolism in the 19th century was a period of rapid social and technological change which brought an increasing fragmentation of the arts and a wide variety of emerging styles and techniques as artists were willing to explore new ideals.
Romanticism encompassed restless violence (following the defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte), exoticism and serene spirituality. It championed the cause of individual freedom and encouraged independent thought and questioning of authority. Focus was on artificial subjects of myth, allegory and history along with idealised figures and grandiose poses.
Photography emerged as a new art form. Aestheticism was an art movement (Art for art's sake) that evolved in the second half of the 19th century. The Femme fatale was a favourite theme of Symbolist painters.
The Modern Age (between 1900 and the outbreak of World War 1) was a time of unrivalled artistic experimentation as the questioning and rejection of long-standing ideas of previous ages were intensified with a succession of innovative styles and movements.
Key styles of Modernism:
Fauvism and Cubism - developed in Paris. Fauvism is characterised by brilliant colours, simplified forms and bold execution. Cubism is the most radical of avant-garde art. The artists portray the world as it was known, rather than as it was seen. Shown from different viewpoints, solid objects were fragmented and rearranged so that they were often unrecognisable.
German Expressionism - Expressionism was characterised by strong, unnaturalistic, simplified, distorted forms and sometimes, violent colours. Emphasis given to the subjective feeling rather than objective observation. Exaggerated emotional effects with expressions of fear, anxiety and alienation of love and spirituality.
Abstract Art - the notion behind abstract art (that colours and forms have qualities independent of subject matter) existed since ancient times. Genuine abstract art that does not represent recognisable scenes or objects but consists of forms, shapes and colours depicted for their own sake is a modern phenomenon.
Surrealism - Inspired by the Dada movement (which originated from the contrasting spirit of anarchy and nihilism during WW1). It's aim was was a positive force, to counter the excessive traditionalism and materialism of the modern world.