We Are Our Brains: A Neurobiography of the Brain, from the Womb to Alzheimer’s by D.F. Swaab
"We Are Our Brains" is a fantastic biography of the human brain. Dutch physician and neuroscientist D.F. Swaab takes the readers on a tour of the brain’s design and functionality. With a great grasp of this captivating topic and direct frankness the author proceeds to cover a wide spectrum of interesting topics pertaining to the brain. This fascinating 448-page book includes the following twenty-one chapters: 1. Development, Birth and Parental Care, 2. Threats to the Fetal Brain in the “Safety” of the Womb, 3. Sexual Differentiation of the Brain in the Womb, 4. Puberty, Love, and Sexual Behavior, 5. Hypothalmus: Survival, Hormones, and Emotions, 6. Addictive Substances, 7. The Brain and Consciousness, 8. Aggression, 9. Autism, 1o. Schizophrenia and other Reasons for Hallucinations, 11. Repair and Electric Stimulation, 12. The Brain and Sports, 13. Moral Behavior, 14. Memory, 15. Neurotheology: The Brain and Religion, 16. There Isn’t More Between Heaven and Earth, 17. Free Will, A Pleasant Illusion, 18. Alzheimer’s Disease, 19. Death, 20. Evolution, and 21. Conclusions.
Positives:
1. Well researched, well written and a much more engaging book than is the norm for this genre.
2. Neuroscience is one the most fascinating topics out there and this book is in the hands of a master. Brain candy.
3. Covers a lot of great topics within neuroscience and it does so very well.
4. The main theme of this book is how the brain works. From the author, “That’s a conundrum that has yet to be fully solved, and this book can of course provide only a partial answer. It shows how our brains differentiate into male and female brains, what goes on in the adolescent mind, how the brain preserves the individual and the species, how we age, how we suffer from dementia and die, as well as how the brain evolved, how memory works, and how moral behavior developed. But the book also shows how things can go wrong. It looks at disorders of consciousness, brain damage caused by boxing, and diseases of the brain like addiction, autism, and schizophrenia, as well as the latest medical advances and possibilities for recovery. Finally, it looks at the relationship between the brain and religion, the soul, the mind, and free will.”
5. Through out the book, makes a great case that we are in fact our brains. “Everything we think, do, and refrain from doing is determined by the brain. The construction of this fantastic machine determines our potential, our limitations, and our characters; we are our brains.”
6. The importance of a the process that leads up to birth. “The conclusion of Boer’s PhD thesis was that smooth childbirth requires good interaction between the brains of mother and child.” “In one-third of cases, brain disorders that manifest themselves as a child develops are wrongly ascribed to a difficult birth. In fact, the brain defects that cause such conditions as learning disabilities and spasticity often come into being long before birth.”
7. The role oxytocin plays. “Different social contexts prompt the release of oxytocin in specific parts of the brain, triggering different types of behavior. It has been identified as the messenger of affection, generosity, tranquility, trust, and attachment. Oxytocin has also been found to suppress fear by affecting the amygdala, the center of fear and aggression. When affectionate social interaction like hugging takes place, not only do oxytocin levels in the blood rise but more oxytocin is also released in the brain.”
8. The importance of a stimulating environment for early brain development. “Studies have shown that orphans adopted before the age of two go on to develop normal IQs (averaging 100), while children who are not adopted until between the ages of two and six attain average IQs of 80.”
9. There is a great section on brain disorders. “Conclusions Addictive substances, medication, and environmental substances can permanently disrupt fetal brain development, leading to learning and behavioral disorders in later life. Congenital defects of this kind are known as functional or behavioral-teratological defects.”
10. I can’t stress enough all the great topics covered in this book including topics of which is still in its infancy. Sexual differentiation in the womb. “Hormones and other chemical substances importantly affect the development of our sexual orientation. Girls with the adrenal gland disorder CAH who are exposed to high testosterone levels in the womb are more likely to become bisexual or homosexual.” “In other words, sexual orientation is determined by many structural and functional differences in the brain, all of which develop in the womb during the second half of pregnancy.”
11. The hot-button issue of homosexuality from a scientific point of view. “Homosexual behavior has now been observed in around 1,500 animal species, from insects to mammals.”
12. Discusses popular topics such as the causes of depression. “So depression is basically a developmental disorder of the hypothalamus.”
13. A look at addictions. “Adult males who smoke marijuana daily for a period of years have been found not only to have a smaller hippocampus (important for memory), a smaller amygdala (affecting fear, aggression, and sexual behavior), and damage to the fiber tracts of the corpus callosum (left-right connections) but also to be more likely to develop a psychosis. Again, though, these characteristics may have been present before using cannabis.”
14. Fascinating observations. “In the case of locked-in syndrome, families tend to be aware of consciousness before the doctors, but in the case of a coma families are more likely than doctors to be mistaken in thinking that consciousness exists.”
15. The two aspects of consciousness. “All recent research suggests that the joint activity of enormous numbers of neurons in communication with a number of brain areas provides the foundation for consciousness.”
16. A great chapter on aggression! “So our genetic background can contribute significantly to our aggressive and criminal behavior later.” “We’re born with different propensities for aggressive behavior depending on our gender, our genetic background, the amount of nourishment we received from the placenta, and our mother’s consumption of nicotine, alcohol, and medication during pregnancy.”
17. A look at schizophrenia. “Schizophrenia is a developmental brain disorder that is caused by a combination of factors and is present at a very early stage—indeed, the main foundation is laid at conception. Studies of families and twins show that the genetic component of schizophrenia is around 80 percent.”
18. How current science is addressing some of these neuroscientific problems. “Many laboratories are now working on gene therapy for a wide range of diseases.”
19. Cognitive-inducing look at sports and the brain.
20. A fascinating look at moral behavior. Great stuff!
21. So much good stuff including a look at religion and the brain. I would need another thirty positives. Read the book!
Negatives:
1. Overall, Dr. Swaab does a great job of in narrative terms explain what we do versus what we do not know. However, I would have liked a stronger emphasis on the consensus among neuroscientists. What does the subject matter experts say on each of these great individual topics?
2. No notes or formal bibliography. A shame because it complicates further research on my part.
3. Some of the findings are speculative and the author recognizes that.
4. Some hot-button issues and are assured to cause controversy and may in fact go against preconceived notions. Issues such as handling crime and punishment are very touchy and significant implications. Not to mention gender differences and the roles they play. Not everyone will find the kind of answers they desire but that is science for you. Science does not care what you desire it only strives to model reality.
5. Some redundancy.
In summary, wow what can I say I really enjoyed this book. It was an intellectual and thought-provoking treat. Neuroscience is a fascinating topic and this book was loaded with a lot of great research and thought-provoking insights. A high recommendation! Get this book.
Further suggestions: "Why People Believe Weird Things: Pseudoscience, Superstition, and Other Confusions of Our Time" and "The Believing Brain: From Ghosts and Gods to Politics and Conspiracies---How We Construct Beliefs and Reinforce Them as Truths" by Michael Shermer, "The Blank Slate: The Modern Denial of Human Nature" by Steven Pinker, Hardwired Behavior: What Neuroscience Reveals about Morality" by Laurence Tancredi, "Who's in Charge?: Free Will and the Science of the Brain" Michael S. Gazzaniga, "The Belief Instinct: The Psychology of Souls, Destiny, and the Meaning of Life" by Jesse Bering, "50 Popular Beliefs That People Think Are True" by Guy P. Harrison, "Mistakes Were Made (But Not by Me): Why We Justify Foolish Beliefs, Bad Decisions, and Hurtful Acts" by Carol Tavris. For the record, I have reviewed all the aforementioned books.