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Minnen #1-2

Карл Густав Маннергейм. Мемуары

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Swedish

512 pages, Unknown Binding

First published January 1, 1951

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336 people want to read

About the author

Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim

12 books3 followers
Baron Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim was the military leader of the Whites in the Finnish Civil War, Commander-in-Chief of Finland's Defence Forces during World War II, Marshal of Finland, and a Finnish statesman. He was Regent of Finland (1918–1919) and the sixth President of Finland (1944–1946).

Previously Mannerheim had made a career in the Imperial Russian Army, rising to the rank of lieutenant general. He also had a prominent place in the ceremonies for Tsar Nicholas II's coronation and later had several private meetings with the Russian Tsar. He fought in the Russo-Japanese War before travelling across Asia on a military intelligence mission, later commanded a Cavalry Division in the First World War and was also awarded the Order of St. George, 4th class.

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Displaying 1 - 22 of 22 reviews
Profile Image for Anne.
Author 1 book
July 13, 2017
Eye-opening. What an amazing man, the right man at the right place at the right time, and so we celebrate 100 years of independence this year. Thank you, Marshal Mannerheim.
Profile Image for Artūras Ketlerius|Knygosnugarele.lt.
88 reviews48 followers
August 23, 2018
Suomijos vyriausiojo vado Carlo Gustafo Mannerheimo atsiminimai „Žmogus, įveikęs Rusiją“ yra vadovėlis, kaip tapti kietakiaušiu, galinčiu sukelti galvos skausmą bet kuriai didžiai valstybei.

Bent mane mokykloje apie Žiemos karą tarp Suomijos ir Rusijos mokė paprastai: Suomija pasienyje turėjo gynybinius įtvirtinimus, vadinamus Mannerheimo linija, todėl atsilaikė. Praleistos visos detalės, kurios ir privertė tuos įtvirtinimus pavadinti Mannerheimo vadu.

Plačiau: http://knygosnugarele.lt/2015/09/carl...
Profile Image for William.
585 reviews17 followers
September 14, 2014
Mannerheim on Mannerheim -- what could be better? Certainly self-serving in some aspects, and certainly boring in some levels of detail, but the man was a force unlike most others, and his narrative (if you know his story) is worth the effort. And what he does not say is often so revealing (he spent more prosaic effort on the death of his favorite horse than on his marriage).
Profile Image for Paulius Kripas.
18 reviews1 follower
February 12, 2018
Nepaisant kariškai griežto bei tikslaus rašybos stiliaus ir vietomis šokinėjimo laike, labai geras kūrinys. Rekomenduočiau perskaityti kiekvienam žmogui, ypač jaunam ir manančiam, kad laisvė yra prigimtinis ir neatimamas dalykas. Šioje knygoje aprašoma, kiek daug pastangų ir kraujo teko atiduoti, kad Suomija galėtų būti laisva vakarietiška valstybė.
Profile Image for Nugzar Kotua.
137 reviews8 followers
December 13, 2021
Мемуары великого человека... Маннергейм. Имя Густава Маннергейма большими буквами вписано в историю Европы и мира. Барон, генерал, а затем и маршал, аристократ и интеллигент. Он, как осколок благородной эпохи 19 века, вручался в 20 й век и облагородил его масштабом своей личности. Он дал жизнь народу и государственности Финляндии.

Книга будет интересна не только любителям истории.
Profile Image for Adela.
61 reviews
January 17, 2023
One of the best personal memoirs/history books I've ever read, very well edited, and a timely and very engaging read. The book looks like it should be a snoozer, but it's actually unputdownable. I normally read ten books at a time, and sometimes don't finish them, but this one I just chomped through and all other books were put on hold. I can highly recommend the book to both fans of military history as well as to general readers who might be interested in world war and 20th century history. Also, anyone who wants to understand what is happening with the Russian war on Ukraine should read this book - sadly, as you read it, you come to realize that the Russian formula on how to invade and expand imperially is almost exactly the same even today, and you begin to wonder if western politicians ever read any history books at all. The reason the book is really engaging is because it is told well, and very clearly, from the personal perspective of a great, if not the greatest, of all Finnish leaders, but one who also spent 30 years in the Russian military in some of the most prestigious posts possible, e.g., directly serving the Russian tsar's family. Mannerheim therefore had a rare and thorough understanding of both cultures, Russian and Finnish. One of the most interesting aspects of the book is that Mannerheim gives you the details of both the military operations themselves, as well as an analysis of the political and social situation. I found his description of the political and diplomatic processes that went on behind the scenes fascinating. The book makes you realize how much can depend on the right kind of human communication between individual politicians and diplomats...at one point, Finland's fate might have been decided because of the wording of one telegram to Churchill. The amazing thing is that Finland came out of WW2 an independent country, even if at a great cost, and you get the sense that it was largely due to the foresight and leadership of this man.
Profile Image for Charles  van Buren.
1,910 reviews303 followers
March 4, 2019
A champion of liberty

This review is from: The Memoirs of Marshal Mannerheim (Hardcover)

Arguably the greatest Scandinavian statesman since Gustaf Vasa, Marshal & later, president, Mannerheim led Finland into independence in 1918 and along a tightrope between Nazi Germany and Communist Russia from 1939 thru 1946. In his lifetime, he was, among other things: a baron; an Imperial Russian general; leader of the victorious white forces in the Finnish War of Independence/Civil War even though he barely spoke Finnish; Regent of Finland; a man who could have been dictator but was instead a defeated presidential candidate; Chairman of the Finnish Red Cross; founder of a child welfare charity; chairman of the Finnish Defense Council; Marshal of Finland; opponent of both communism and Nazism; personally a monarchist who was a proponent of Finnish democracy; successful commander of Finland's armed forces in wars against the Soviet Union and Germany; president of Finland; a living legend so personally imposing that when Hitler met him, Hitler bowed (the Nazi newsreel shows Mannerheim bowing. The unedited reel shows Hitler bowing and Mannerheim politely returning a short bow.). The Marshal was also honored with a U.S. postage stamp in the Champions of Liberty series.

This is not a true autobiography. People in Finland were disappointed that this book did not reveal more of the very private Mannerheim. Instead, this volume, which was largely written by Mannerheim's aides and friends, is another of Mannerheim's calculated contributions to Finland's independence and welfare. Nevertheless, it is an important book for anyone interested in WW2, Marshal Mannerheim, Finland and liberty.
Profile Image for Okhlopkova.
6 reviews9 followers
March 1, 2021
I wish that every russian neighboring country got their modern days Mannerheim. The book is well and easy written by the author, not by nameless paper slaves like we see in the case of fake Memories of marshal Zhukov.
Profile Image for Dumitru Moraru.
354 reviews37 followers
March 4, 2024
3.7/5
Mannerheim a fost un ilustru militar și conducător al statului finlandez. A participat în 5 războaie.
Fiind un om disciplinat și ambițios, a avansat repede în cariera militară. A făcut parte din Garda de Cavalerie a Țarinei, la acea vreme Finlanda era o provincie (autonomă) a Imperiului Rus. A căpătat multă experiență în războiul ruso-japonez. În România în Primul Război Mondial a avut sub comanda sa soldați români. Afirma că România era slab pregătită și echipată. Și un aliat slab mai mult te încurcă decât te ajută.

Era o problemă de timp ca bolșevismul să cuprindă Finlanda. Roșii nu doreau independența ei, dar nici albii. Au început ciocnirile în Finlanda și în cele din urmă datorită curajul finlandezilor, ea devine independentă în decembrie 1917. Mannerheim a plecat în Suedia să consolideze relațiile țării sale cu lumea internațională și să obțină recunoașterea independenței din partea Franței, SUA, Marii Britanii etc.

Atunci când a fost Războiul de Iarnă (1939-1940), Mannerheim a lăsat divergențele la o parte și s-a pus în slujba statului. Avea dreptate când afirma că guvernul nu a înțeles pericolul dinspre est și nu a alocat bani pentru apărarea națională. Țara a ajuns vulnerabilă, plus că partide de stânga căutau să submineze siguranța statului. Populația a înțeles mai bine situația din țară și cot la cot oamenii au început să facă fortificații. Din păcate, Finlanda stătea prost cu aviația, tancuri și mine anti-tanc, antiaeriană. Serviciul militar era de scurtă durată, pregătirea militară lăsa de dorit, echiparea era slabă. Mannerheim a căutat să facă o alianță nordică, dar Suedia și Norvegia nu au investit nimic în apărare și nu au dorit o alianță defensivă nordică. Au fost multe provocări mai ales în relațiile cu sovieticii. Sovieticii aveau pretenții teritoriale de la finlandezi sub pretextul apărării Leningradului.

De-a lungul celui de-al Doilea Război Mondial Manneheim nu a cedat presiunilor Germaniei să participe în asediul Leningradului, pentru că nu dorea ca țara lui să aibă reputația de agresor. Deși trupele germane au luptat pe teritoriul finlandez, trupele finlandeze au acționat independent. Cu toate acestea, Finlanda a fost pusă pe un picior de egalitate cu Germania. Țara era total dependentă de Germania din punct de vedere economic și energetic. Mannerheim a încercat să facă compromisuri cu ambele tabere. Finlanda a recuperat teritoriile pierdute în Războiul de Iarnă și mai departe a dus lupta de poziție, numită și Războiul de Continuare. A fost semnat un tratat de pace cu URSS. Mareșalul dorea să scoată țara din război pe fondul slăbirii Germaniei, altfel țara ar fi fost complet distrusă și populația suferea de foame.

"Mannerheim mereu a considerat necesar să prezinte experiența sa cu privire la evenimentele istoriei contemporane ale Finlandei. Noile generații trebuie să învețe din greșelile generațiilor anterioare și să le evite. Ceea ce un individ a acumulat într-o viață trebuie să fie lăsat moștenire unui succesor. Toți trebuie să cunoască responsabilitatea și îndatoririle pe care le impun situația lor politică și socială. Finlanda a avut pierderi teritoriale, omenești, a fost impusă să plătească despăgubiri uriașe agresorului URSS, cu toate acestea a luptat și și-a păstrat demnitatea. Finlanda nu a primit libertatea ca pe un cadou, ci cu sacrificii mari și cu sângele propriilor ei fii în lupta din 1918. Poporul finlandez era unit și hotărât pentru apărarea intereselor sale vitale. Constituția Finlandei, promulgată de Mannerheim îm 1919 a fost baza unui regim democratic."

Din păcate, conducerea nu a înțeles importanța capitală a pregătirii militare, a unei apărări naționale cu adevărat eficace. Rivalitățile de partid au fost deasupra problemei apărării. O politică externă independentă poate exista doar în cazul unei apărări naționale solide. Guvernul prea târziu a înțeles acest lucru. Finlanda a fost prea slabă ca să-și apere neutralitatea cu armele. Mannerheim a vrut să evite ca țara sa să aibă soarta României în 1916, când a aderat la Antantă, dar a fost zdrobită de o armată mult mai bine pregătită și superioară numeric. A vrut să construiască o armată suficient de puternică, poate că Războiul de Iarnă ar fi fost evitat și Finlanda ar fi avut un alt curs al istoriei.

"Finlanda nu a suferit numai din cauza propriilor sale erori. Un factor important a fost absența unei colaborări politice și militare în Nord. Suedia încă mai pretindea la un teritoriu finlandez. Totuși, mareșalul nu a căutat vinovați externi, chiar dacă Finlanda era un pion în jocul Marilor Puteri. El își asuma greșelile poporului finlandez. Discordia dă lovituri mai puternice decât sabia inamicului și că disensiunile interne deschid poarta agresiunilor externe, afirmă mareșalul. Un popor unit, chiar dacă e mic, este capabil să dea dovezile unei combativități de nebănuit și prin aceasta să deturneze cele mai grele încercări pe care i le rezervă soarta, ceea ce poporul finlandez a demostrat el însuși în timpul ultimelor sale 2 războaie."

Mannerheim era un om înțelept și un patriot adevărat. De așa oameni avem nevoie în fruntea statului. De multe ori lectura a fost greoaie și plictisitoare, pentru că mareșalul descrie detaliat operațiunile militare. Aveam impresia că citesc un raport militar și nu memorii. Cu tot respectul față de mareșal, nu prea se pricepea la scrierea memoriilor. Vorbește extrem de puțin despre viața personală, despre familie. Practic cartea e despre cariera lui și evenimente importante din istoria Finlandei.
Profile Image for Audrius S.
37 reviews
December 16, 2022
Kaip jau buvo pastebėta skaičiusiųjų, tai vietomis gan sausa autobiografija. Kita vertus, jei Manerheimas būtų leidęsis į prozą, reikėtų ne vieno storo, o bent trijų tomų. Įspūdinga karjera ir milžiniškas indėlis į Europos istoriją, tad reikia džiaugtis, kad tokia knyga yra išvis pasirodžiusi. Todėl tiek kroniką primenančias vietas, tiek retus lyrinius intarpus skaičiau susidomėjęs, ypač apie Žiemos ir Tolesnį karus, kurie rezonuoja su 2022 m., kuomet istorija, rodos, vėl kartojasi. Todėl ir mano tolesnis komentaras bus neišvengiamai politizuotas.

Memuarai ne tik daug papasakojo apie patį Manerheimą, tačiau įgijau ir gilesnį supratimą apie Suomijos visuomenę ir politines peripetijas paskelbus nepriklausomybę nuo Rusijos imperijos. Visą tarpukarį labai daug paralelių su Lietuva. Pagrindinis skirtumas toks, kad Suomijos vadovybė 1939 m. drįso pasipriešinti slibinui ir šiek tiek apdaužė jo dantis, o Lietuvos laukė tragiškas likimas. Nors ir Suomijai, turėjusiai vos 3,7 mln. gyventojų (Lietuvoje po Vilniaus prijungimo buvo 2,9 mln.) tai buvo veikiau Dovydo ir Galijoto mūšis. Taip pat tiek Lietuva, tiek Suomija tarpukariu buvo neutralios valstybės, tačiau tai ir buvo didelė tarpukario diplomatijos klaida. Tiek Lietuva, tiek Suomija Pirmajam pasauliniam karui artėjant į pabaigą koketavo su Vokietija vardan nepriklausomybės. Ir jei ne geležinė uždanga, mūsų su Suomija visuomenės būtų panašios. Žinoma, yra ir esminių skirtumų - Suomija atsilaikė autoritarizmo vajui, atsilaikė prieš sovietų imperializmą, galop dukart sustabdė bolševizmo plitimą į Europą.

Skaitydamas užsirašiau keletą citatų iš knygos, visiškai nepraradusių aktualumo ir 2022 m. žiemą:
"Mes su pasididžiavimu suvokiame savo istorinę misiją - ginti Vakarų civilizaciją; tai mes darome toliau, ši misija amžiais buvo mūsų paveldo dalis. Bet mes žinome ir tai, kad iki paskutinio skatiko atsiskaitėme už savo skolą Vakarams."

"Rusai savo karo meną grindė technikos naudojimu, o kariuomenei vadovavo nelanksčiai, akiplėšiškai, nieko netausojo."

"Istorija rodo, kad stiprusis retai kada turi saiko jausmą ir talentą matyti tolimą perspektyvą. Šių savybių neturėjo ir SSRS vadovai. Vėl atsiskleidė jų pasipūtimas ir saiko neturėjimas - tuo Rusijos politika pasižymėjo visada."

"Suomija buvo pirmoji šalis, sustabdžiusi bolševizmo plitimą, ir šiuo požiūriu Žiemos karas turi europinę reikšmę, o tai, deja, dažnai pamirštama."

Rekomenduoju knygą visiems, besidomintiems geopolitinėmis aktualijomis ir istorija. Ypač tuo metu, kai Ukrainoje vyksta Rusijos karas. Ir šiaip įdomu skaityti apie prasmingą ir kupiną nuotykių Manerheimo gyvenimą. Vien ko vertas faktas, kad jis buvo vienas iš vos kelių vakariečių, asmeniškai bendravusiu su Dalai Lama XIII.
Profile Image for middaynaps.
35 reviews
November 9, 2024
маннергейм пишет как будто отрабатывает тему в учебнике «история россии начала двадцатого века для чайников» или «введение в русскую душу для иностранцев» но это очень смешно читать потому у него невероятно большое самомнение и он страшно ебуч как и все кавалеристы. все его рассуждения кажутся ему самому очень логичными но по итогам выходит скорее картинка "риск был просчитан но я был плох в математике" и то что обещало быть занудным бубнежом выходит уморитеольным. даже на то что раньше (при царе) в армии было лучше маннергейм бичится уморительно. а ещё он любит лошадок и любовь к лошадкам очевидно гораздо сильнее чем к людям потому что ему абсолютно наплевать на то как зовут его слуг его друзей даже про семью он упоминает вкользь но вот рассказать читателю про любимого коня дело святое!
ОЧЕНЬ ЖАЛЬ что весёлые приключения карла густава на российской службе (он очень смешно пытается заверить читателя что Понял проблемы угнетённых народов российской империи на самом деле не поняв примерно ничего) очень быстро заканчиваются и начинается часть про построение независимой финляндии а потом и часть про вмв в которой братан дропает предложения типа "кстати мой друг геринг звал на охоту!!". хорошо хоть снобизм никуда не девается + биф с большевиками у человека легендарный этого не отнять.

лонг стори шорт: мучительно но окэй а кое-кому (барону императорскому гвардейцу и любимчику марии фёдоровнны) стоило как говорят в твиторе чекнуть привилегии.
Profile Image for Aistė Viktorija.
100 reviews1 follower
July 31, 2024
Enciklopedinė knyga, kuri šiandien turėtų gulėti ant kiekvieno Vakarų politiko stalo. Bet ar taip bus?..
Šitame XXI-ajame menkystų, ištižėlių ir naivių sijonuotų vyrų amžiuje tokios asmenybės kaip maršalas Manerheimas yra veikiau išimtis ir svajonė.
Skaitydama knygą, vis galvojau: kur mes ritamės? Kada bus sustabdyta šita savižudiška godi transnacionalinių korporacijų padiktuota Vakarų politika, kuri niekina vyriškumą, naikina tautas, šeimą ir visa tai, kas buvo sukurta Europos civilizacijos per šimtus metų?.. Nejau šitie "modernistai" nesupranta, kad moraliai žlugusi Europa taps lengvu grobiu tai pačiai Rusijai ar kokiems po migrantų skraiste prisidengusiais islamo fundamentalistams.
111 reviews
November 15, 2024
Vynikající osobnost, vynikající vzpomínky, které jsou v některých směrech velmi aktuální dodnes. Realistický pohled na mezinárodní politiku, kde je malý stát jen šachovou figurkou v rukou mocných, kteří nemají problém ji zneužít. Spolupráce se navazuje s tím kdo je silný, ne s tím kdo je slabý a spíš přítěží. Ovšem byl to voják a někdy je to ze stylu psaní až moc znát.
"Svoboda národa, pokud má být zamýšlena jako trvalá, musí být vykoupena jeho vlastním úsilím, jeho vlastním utrpením a krví jeho vlastních synů."
50 reviews
December 11, 2024
This is my only read on the topic and it being a memoir it's difficult to asses how much is accurate or his own interpretation. A complex character and, taking it at face value, a true statesman.
I enjoyed mostly the first part of the book up until the end of the independence war. The military operations are sometimes difficult to follow, maybe this is also in part to the quality of the maps contained by the Romanian edition.
Profile Image for Ira Dorogova.
18 reviews2 followers
September 9, 2021
Мемуары помогают понять предпосылки к Советско-Финским войнам, о которых среди обывателей осведомленность не то, чтобы высока. Очень сухой протокольный язык, многие подробности своей жизни маршал не стал включать (причины женитьбы на богатой наследнице и трату ее состояния, перечень многочисленных любовниц и т д).
Profile Image for Jonas.
49 reviews3 followers
August 11, 2022
What an amazing life. An elite cavalry-man in the imperial Russian army, met the emperor twice, fought in the Russo-Japanse war, was on a spying mission in imperial China, kicked commies out of Finland during the Russian civil war and then led Finns in their war against USSR in which a small and under-equiped Finnish army destroyed at least 200 000 orcs. A must-read.
Profile Image for Henrik.
60 reviews2 followers
Read
July 28, 2019
Erittäin teräviä analyyseja mm. Venäjän keisarikunnan tuhosta ja Talvisodasta. Toisaalta kiertelyä ja puolitotuuksia ainakin yksityisen elämän ja Jatkosodan suhteen. Suosittelen lukemaan yhdessä hyvän elämäkerran kanssa.
Profile Image for ezra azra.
1 review
June 5, 2020
Ruslar, Summa da tümenler yığıyor, biz tabur peşindeyiz
Profile Image for Pavel Lecki.
29 reviews
July 9, 2021
Великий был человек.
Как Великобритании повезло, что в кризисные времена у неё был Черчиль, так же и Финляндии повезло, что в самые сложные и тяжёлые годы, у неё был Маннергейм.
Profile Image for Topi Ruokanen.
63 reviews2 followers
January 22, 2021
Suomen kuudennen presidentin, Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheimin, elämäkerta nuoruuden kadettikoulusta 1880-luvulta 1940-luvun lopulle saakka. Mannerheim kirjoitti teoksen yhdessä muiden luotettujen henkilöiden kanssa toisen maailmansodan jälkeen ennen päiviensä päättymistä. Teos tuli valmiiksi viime tingassa ja julkaistiin Presidentin kuoleman jälkeen 1950-luvulla. Tämä versio elämäkerrasta on alkuperäisestä kahdesta niteestä julkaistu yksiin kansiin menevä niin sanottu kansanpainos.

Käy läpi uran upseerina tsaarin armeijassa 1887-1917, sisältäen Venäjän-Japanin sodan, kaksivuotisen Aasian halki ratsastuksen ja ensimmäisen maailmansodan. Suomen historian käännekohdissa on vuoden 1918 konfliktin valkoisten ylipäällikkyys, itsenäisyyden ensimmäiset vuodet, Suomen puolustusvoimien vahvuuden kehittäminen puolustusneuvoston puheenjohtajana 1930-luvulla ennen tulevia suursotia sekä talvi- ja jatkosodan ylipäällikkyydet.

Teos käy tarkasti läpi historian ei vaiheita ja kertoo Mannerheimin mukanaolon ja vaikutukset niiden tapahtumiin. Erityisen älyllisesti stimuloivaa ovat analyysit ilmiöiden taustalla olevien erilaisten ilmiöiden yksityiskohtaisesta syy-seuraussuhteiden analysoinnista esimerkiksi, kuinka paljon oli pelissä Suomen tulevaisuuden osalta vuoden 1918 konfliktissa ja kuinka tuolloin punaisten aktivoituminen oli seurausta Venäjällä tapahtuneesta vallankumouksesta sekä yhteiskunnallisista levottomuuksista kohti kommunismia. Lisäksi tarkastellaan kuinka Neuvostoliitto suuresta ylivoimastaan huolimatta teki selkeitä virheitä hyökkäystensä aikana Suomeen talvi- ja jatkosodassa. Vielä erityisen mieleenpainuvaa oli Suomen poliittinen tilanne Saksan ja Neuvostoliiton välissä toisen maailmansodan loppuvaiheilla, kun haluttiin yhtäaikaisesti sekä a) pysyä itsenäisenä b) puolueettomana c) irtautua sodasta d) säilyttää huoltoyhteydet kansalaisten ruokkimiseksi.

Teoksen loppupuolelta kuvauksista Suomen tilasta näkyy, kuinka levoton ja sotaisa itänaapuri vaikuttaa haitallisesti viereisen kansakunnan ihmisiin ja näkyy erilaisina lieveilmiöinä. Toisin sanoen kuinka suuret vaihtoehtoiskustannukset maa ja sen kansalaiset joutuvat maksamaan joutuessaan puolustamaan omaa itsemääräämisoikeuttaan aseellisesti. Suurinta hyvinvointia luovin tilanne on kansakunnan itsenäinen elämä ilman ulkopuolista valtausyrityksiä. Mikäli naapurivaltiona on aggressiivisia ja sotaisia ympärysvaltoja, tällöin vahvan armeijan olemassaolo on hyväksyttävä geopoliittisena realiteettina. Muutoin vaihtoehto olisi maa ilman itsenäisyyttä alistettuna jonkun toisen maan armeijalle. Toisin sanoen armeijan olemassaolo on hyväksyttävä vaihtoehtoiskustannus itsenäisyyden turvaamiseksi.

Tekstistä on miellyttävää lukea myös kansainvälisistä kokemuksista pääosin Euroopan eri maista ja eri puolilta Aasiaa. Erityisesti kaksivuotina Aasian halki ratsastus vuosina 1906-1908 oli erityisen mielenkiintoinen seikkailu. Teemana toistuu jatkuvasti varsinkin kriisitilanteissa, kuinka tärkeää tosiasioiden ymmärtäminen ja myöntäminen on matkalla kohti kriisistä ulos selviytymistä.
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