Derivative diamatchik nonsense. Many Greek comrades recommended this book to me as a development of the thought of Vygotsky and Ilyenkov. It is in every sense a regression. Vygotsky and Leontiev were pioneers in interpretations of evolution and in synthesising science with Socialist thought in ways that don't reduce either to the other. They were part of a tradition that would come to inform Levins & Lewontin, recognising that organisms don't exist as isolated individuals composed of biological givens: they are constituted through their environment. Ilyenkov provided a philosophical synthesis to these ideas, stressing (perhaps too much) how we construct our own environments.
Vazuilin unashamedly adopts the biology of a high school student. Insofar as he engages with scientific theory, it is closer to Dawkins and Pinker, and is applied with similar scientism. Crude materialism at its worst.
The basic premise of the book is that biology is a base on which society is a superstructure. Biological functions at every level must be explained in terms of a drive for reproduction of the species. Unlike the economic base, the biological base is implicitly universal, fixed and immutable: it is up to us to find the "natural relations" out of which social relations emerge. He argues for instance that while women's emancipation is a hot topic right now, we should acknowledge that women will always play different social roles to men; for instance, because men evolved to be risk takers while women evolved to care for others.
Much of the book is him dividing people into things like "feeling" and "thinking" types, and making pronouncements like "people with a weak nervous system are of little use for work in extreme conditions, which does not exclude the advantage of such people for other occupations, in particular, those where higher sensitivity is needed". Together with his suggestion that under Communism there will be no more politics, we get a political system that is certainly familiar but certainly not Marxist. What is Marxism if not a project for universal freedom by overturning "natural relations" in every form?
He moves on from the biology at the foundation of his "ontology" to a description of social development. This too is the usual Stalinist fare about history progressing through higher and higher stages towards its final inevitable end in Communism.
What I was most struck by is how little nuance there is in all this. It just seems like he hasn't bothered to struggle with these questions. I just don't understand where the philosophy is. What is he saying that was not said by Georges Politzer half a century earlier? I asked others to explain to me what they get out of this book, but I've not heard a good explanation so far. I'm happy to be shown where I'm wrong.