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408 pages, Paperback
First published January 1, 1946
Reason must — if it is to be reason at all — regard itself as the author of its own principles independently of external influences. (218)If reason's conclusions are nothing more than the inevitable effects of causes outside of human reason, then reason itself is the same kind of "force of nature" as the ocean's tides or the progression of the seasons as evidenced by changes in plant life. And humans are nothing more than carbon-based machines capable only of the illusion of self and the illusion of freedom.
If we consider, for example, a historian, it looks — from one point of view — as if he stood above the battle as a timeless observer assigning to each historical event its place in a causal series which he understands. Yet when we turn to consider what he has done in composing his history, this too appears as an historical event in the same causal series, and in no way different from any other historical event. But in saying this we seem again to be ourselves above the battle — only to find on reflection that our judgement is in turn something to be judged as on the same level with its object. Every man is, as it were, the historian of his own life, and it looks as if Kant were right in saying that we must regard ourselves from two different points of view. (235)One ought to include the quote below. Why? Because i wanted to say stuff about it.
… we suppose that every event is necessary and that we understand its necessity by discovering its cause [the sun must rise + set; why? because the earth rotates]. In this way we explain a conditioned necessity by discovering its condition. But to understand the necessity of the cause, we must discover the cause of the cause [why does the earth rotate? because it was formed by gravity gathering its constituent particles together] and so ad infinitum [why? because mass affects space-time this way]. However far back we go, we never come to anything other than a conditioned necessity, and this is no more satisfying to human reason than the conditioned necessity with which we started [why does mass affect space-time this way? because i'm your mother and i said so!]. Theoretical reason must conceive the totality of causes, which, because it is a totality of causes, cannot itself be caused. It is this Idea [that] gives us the conception, however empty, of an uncaused cause or a free cause. In the same way theoretical reason must conceive the totality of conditions for every conditioned necessity, a totality which must itself be an unconditioned necessity, if there is to be any necessity at all. The conception of the moral law as unconditionally necessary is only a further example of the activity of reason (here of practical reason) in conceiving — and seeking to realise — an unconditioned necessity.We are free. We are rational. We cannot stop ourselves from attempting to resolve the unresolvable. When we make our goal the Resolution of the Unresolvable, we must be satisfied with claims based only on Ideal propositions; empirical evidence is neither possible nor warranted.
[bracketed commentary entirely mine; sorry]