This is another not-the-usual-sort-of-thing-I'm-interested-in book, but I saw it at the local library and couldn't resist. Admittedly, this is a topic on which I'm almost totally ignorant. I've read a bit more about "cryptids" than I have UFOs, although I admit that it's a fascinating subject. Studying the people who study the phenomenon is just as fascinating as reading about UFOs themselves.
There have been some wild stories about UFOs which have surfaced over the years, some of which are far more credible than others. Perhaps the most famous and well-known account is that that of the "Travis Walton Incident," which involved a reported alien abduction of a forestry worker back in 1975.
On Nov. 5, '75, Walton and some fellow crew members reported that they saw a strange light in the distance one evening while driving back from a remote area where they had been thinning trees on a job Walton's friend had hired him for, after winning a federal contract for work in the Apache-Sitgreaves National Forest. The crew reportedly saw an odd, glowing, distant light, but, upon approaching closer, they stated that they saw a large metallic object hovering mere inches above the ground in a clearing.
Multiple members of the crew stated that for some inexplicable reason, Walton got out of the pickup and ran toward the object, which then shined a blinding light on him. Walton himself later recounted that he was "zapped" somehow, and that he believed that an electric shock, or whatever it was, had not been intentional - that he had just got too close to the object.
The other members of the crew fled in terror after seeing Walton seemingly becoming incapacitated, but they returned about 15 minutes later, to find both Walton and the object gone. When they got back to town, one of the men called the sheriff to report what had happened. Some of the crew refused to return to the site, but two others agreed to go back with the sheriff to search.
Six days later, Walton reappeared, having placed a collect call to his sister's home. Walton appeared dazed, incoherent and highly distressed when he was found. A media circus ensued, but it was clear that the crew members had NOT murdered Walton, a crime of which they had been accused by police, even though they all passed polygraph tests, other than a single man for which the test proved "inconclusive."
Walton has adhered to his story for decades. Several books were written, but the account is perhaps best known from the 1993 motion picture "Fire in the Sky." It should be noted, however, that the movie version is a highly embellished account of what Walton himself has stated actually occurred. Almost all the scenes aboard the "spacecraft" are fabricated. He has no memory of being tested on by aliens, so it's more of an "inspired by" account than a faithful one to Walton's story.
The Roswell Incident predates this one by almost thirty years.
For the uninitiated: the subject of this lengthy, detailed book was the discovery of some strange debris on a ranch near Roswell, New Mexico, in early July, 1947. Although accounts have differed over the years, the material was reportedly first discovered by W.W. "Mac" Brazel on his ranch, where he discovered metallic and other lightweight debris scattered across several acres of his property.
The official story is that the US had, in June of that year, launched thousands of top-secret spy balloons carrying listening devices which were being used to detect potential Soviet atomic tests, as the USSR had not yet, at least publicly, demonstrated that they possessed or had tested an atomic device. This operation was termed Project Mogul. On June 4, a series of these balloons were reportedly released at Alamogordo Army Air Field, but the base lost contact with them some 17 miles from Brazel's ranch. It is postulated that what Brazel found was actually the remains of a top-secret American spy balloon.
After he found the debris, however, Brazel drove to Roswell and first informed a sheriff, George Wilcox, about what he had discovered. The sheriff, suspecting that the material was military in nature, subsequently called the Roswell Army Air Field, the home of the 509th Bomb Group of the Eighth Air Force, which just so happened to be the only unit at the time capable of delivering a nuclear payload. The base assigned some personnel to go retrieve the material from the ranch.
And here's where it gets interesting: on July 8, for some inexplicable reason, but perhaps to throw off public perception about top-secret and classified experimental spy balloons, RAAF public information officer Walter Haut issued a press release stating that the military had recovered a "flying disc" near Roswell. Then, an RAAF flight engineer who assisted loading what he was "told was a flying saucer" onto a flight bound for Fort Worth Army Air Field in Texas, described the material as something totally unfamiliar.
The story had not yet gained major traction in the US, although when the news broke over a Roswell radio station, KSWS, that a flying disc had been recovered in the remote desert, which was subsequently relayed to the Associated Press - within a matter of hours, media outlets from all over the world began calling about it.
Who is directly responsible for starting rumors that the debris was from a crashed flying saucer is unclear. The press release from Haut stated that "rumors regarding the flying disc became reality when the intelligence office of the 509th Bomb Group... was fortunate enough to gain possession of a disc through the cooperation of one of the local ranchers and the sheriff's office... the flying object landed on a ranch near Roswell some time last week. Not having phone facilities, the rancher stored the disc until such time as he was able to contact the sheriff's office..." Apparently, at least, not all of that was accurate, even then.
Upon recovery, the weather officer at the base identified the material as the remains of a weather balloon. Admittedly, on July 9, the Roswell Daily Record newspaper stated that no engine or metal parts had been found in the wreckage, but that it had consisted largely of ordinary materials, such as rubber strips, tin foil, paper, tape and wood sticks. Brazel, however, allegedly told reporters that "I am sure that what I found was not any weather observation balloon," but he was not aware of the top-secret spy balloon project.
It seems that UFO conspiracy theories did not gain major traction until several decades later. The town became a household name after about 1978, when a "ufologist" named Stanton Friedman interviewed one Jesse Marcel, who claimed that he had accompanied some of the debris from the ranch site to a Fort Worth press conference. Marcel claimed that the "weather balloon" (note: no one said anything about a secret spy balloon project) account was a cover story, so he now believed that the material was extraterrestrial in nature.
No explanation = aliens.
Not exactly what I'd call convincing.
In December of 1979, more than THIRTY YEARS after the event, Marcel was interviewed by the National Enquirer (you see where this is all going), whose story brought large-scale publicity (read "notoriety") to the event... and the rest is history. Therein, Marcel described some weird type of metallic foil that could be crumpled, but then popped right back into shape when it was released.
Then, Marcel's son joined the fray. Marcel, Jr., M.D. said that when he was ten, his father showed him flying saucer debris recovered from the Roswell site, including "a small beam with purple-hued hieroglyphics on it," but, reportedly, the symbols matched those on an adhesive tape that Project Mogul allegedly sourced from a New York toy manufacturer.
That wasn't satisfactory for hard-core UFO enthusiasts. "Ufologist" Friedman then collaborated with childhood friend Bill Moore, who in turn contacted paranormal researcher and author Charles Berlitz, of Bermuda Triangle and Philadelphia Experiment fame. Moore and Berlitz co-authored a crazy popular book entitled "The Roswell Incident," where much-embellished material claimed the discovery of actual alien bodies, which were found 150 miles west of the original debris site, and that a former teletype operator at an Albuquerque radio station was ordered to halt her story about a crashed saucer by the military.
The author of "The Roswell Incident" essentially claims that a lightning strike (how in hell would anyone know that?) killed the genetically-engineered alien (or time-traveler - the jury's still out) crew of a craft sent to observe American nuclear tests (!), and that the US government subsequently engaged in a widespread cover-up to prevent the mass panic that the author of this book cites, a la the "War of the Worlds" broadcast in the 1930s. That's a pretty tall order to prove.
The rancher himself, Brazel, who owned the property on which the debris was discovered, died in 1963, but his children have sure got in on the action. Brazel, Jr. claimed that the military had actually arrested his father and swore him to secrecy, although this account is contradicted by multiple (much-more credible) people who reported seeing Brazel, Sr. in Roswell, where he gave an interview to the local radio station.
At a 1989 MUFON conference, Moore confessed that he had intentionally fed fake evidence of aliens to UFO researchers, and many fabricated documents have been uncovered regarding the incident. There are so many competing versions of this story that the truth will likely never be known... so it's curious that a high-ranking military official wishes to jump into the fray with this rather detailed, if inconsistent and questionably-researched book.
For example, it starts out with the author's candid (but refreshing) admission: "I wasn't in Roswell in 1947, nor had I heard any details about the crash at the time because it was kept so tightly under wraps, even within the military." He goes on to state that "because I wasn't there, I've had to rely on reports of others, even within the military itself. Through the years, I've heard versions of the Roswell story in which campers, an archeological team or rancher Mac Brazel found the wreckage. I've read military reports about different crashes in different locations in some proximity to the army air field at Roswell... all of the reports were classified, and I did not copy them or retain them for my own records after I left the army."
He also notes that there is much disagreement over simple and basic facts such as dates, persons involved, and the sequence of events. The author claims that his involvement began when he "came into the possession" of the "top-secret file of Roswell information" in 1961 when he took over the Foreign Technology desk at Army Research and Development.
You can see clearly the problems with credulity.
It's a curious read, if you take everything with a grain of salt. It's also pretty dry reading and kind of boring - I read it chapter by chapter to get all the way through it. I kind of treated it like a work of faux-non-fiction, ala the "Blair Witch Project" or something. It also helps if you know the "Roswell pedigree" to some degree, in terms of the origins of some of the more outlandish rumors and claims, most of which stem to the late 1970s with the entry of the two major players, Moore and Berliz.
Bear in mind that legitimate researchers have concluded that only a handful of individuals actually saw ANY actual, physical evidence of debris, although hundreds have claimed to have handled the remains of whatever it was that was found on a remote New Mexico ranch, way back in 1947. As noted, it's fairly conclusively been proven, over the course of several decades, that there is no possible way that the number of people who have claimed to have handled the wreckage could possibly have done so. There is so much overlap in their stories, that in some cases, there would have had to have been dozens of people present at the same time, in the same place - but no one ever states that any of the other purported participants were, in fact, present.
Personally, I don't believe that aliens crashed in the New Mexico desert in 1947, based on the evidence I've seen. However, the topic is a fascinating study in human psychology. In fact, I've long wondered whether the event was possibly a carefully orchestrated operation whereby military officials sought to determine the degree to which a major development could be kept secret from the general public, but, if the story were leaked, it could be used to determine how many people were involved, and where the trail of leaks lead.
Hence, the people involved were NOT lying or making anything up, per se. They were indeed either reporting what they saw, or thought they saw, recounted what they were told and led to believe, or what they had read in "official" (actually fabricated) military documents. SO, it wasn't entirely a "hoax," but potentially a carefully-orchestrated operation designed to determine to what degree something could be kept secret - and how leaks occurred and perpetuated themselves, in a kind of elaborate "telephone game" of unauthorized disclosure of "classified" information.
Thus, it's curious to consider whether there were elements of the story that were actually factual, whereby a very few top brass concocted the UFO story and led subordinates to actually believe that there WAS a real flying saucer or alien spaceship, perhaps complete with fake alien bodies, to see if the story could be contained, and for how long. That seems more plausible than there being an actual alien spacecraft having crashed in the New Mexico desert... but who knows for certain. Do your own research, if you're so inclined, and judge for yourself.