This book offers a thorough analysis of the retention and stability of orthodontic treatment results and outlines the keys to effective intervention. Tendencies for stability and relapse of orthodontic treatment are covered for incisor irregularity and Class I, Class II, transverse, and vertical problems, as well as orthognathic surgery outcomes. In addition to cautioning against tooth and jaw movements that have been associated with an increased risk of relapse, the authors discuss the use of fixed and removable retention appliances and outline treatment principles to minimize relapse and the development of potential unwanted effects at the retention stage. The end result is an understanding of how to develop targeted retention plans for individual patients and how to treatment plan long-term stability with strategic insight. Contents Section Orthodontic retention 1. History 2. Biological basis for orthodontic relapse 3. Orthodontic a review and assessment of the clinical evidence Section Dentofacial treatment stability and relapse 4. Long-term changes in incisor irregularity and dental arch form/dimensions with and without orthodontic treatment 5. Stability of transverse dimension orthodontic a systematic review and pooled analysis 6. Stability and relapse of Class II malocclusion treatment 7. Stability and relapse of Class III treatment 8. Stability of anterior open bite some things old, some things new 9. Stability and relapse in orthognathic surgery Section Retention protocols and materials 10. Acrylic removable retainers 11. Fixed retention in orthodontics 12. Biomaterials used for fixed retainers in orthodontics 13. long-term effectiveness