Meet Pauli Murray
Pauli Murray (1910 -- 1985) lived a life of extraordinary achievement in many areas combined with a great deal of inner turmoil, changes of direction, and restlessness. She overcame many hardships to have not one career but many and did them all well. In the 1940s she pioneered the sit-in movement in Washington, D.C. and Virginia. Murray graduated from Howard Law School and did important legal work in support of "Brown" and other desegregation decisions. Moving from Jim Crow to what she called "Jane Crow", Murray became instrumental in the feminist movement. She was a co-founder of NOW and worked with Ruth Bader Ginsburg on a ground-breaking Supreme Court case on women's rights. She later taught in Ghana and became a Professor of American Studies at Brandeis University. In the last years of her life Murray went to divinity school where she became the first African-American woman admitted to the Episcopalian priesthood. Murray was of divided sexuality and often felt that she had the sexual make-up of a man in a woman's body. I learned about Murray from reading a recent essay by Drew Gilpin Faust in the New York Review which argued that she deserved to be much better known. Then, I learned still more from Gary Dorrien's book, "Breaking White Supremacy: Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Black Social Gospel" (2018) which places Murray in a series of figures including King, Howard Thurman, and others that Dorrien characterizes as the Black Social Gospel movement.
With her accomplishments as an African American and women's rights activist, lawyer, professor, priest, and author, Pauli Murray was also a poet. Her short book of poetry "Dark Testament and other Poems" was published in 1970 but received little attention. The book was reissued in 2018 with an introduction by Elizabeth Alexander who teaches at Yale and is herself a renowned poet. With the publication of these rare poems, Alexander notes, "we have the complete Pauli Murray". The collection is not large, but it shows many sides of a complex, difficult woman.
Murray's poems are generally short and immediate. They are in a variety of forms and express many of her passions in life. The title section of the book, "Dark Testament" consists of twelve sections which trace the search for human freedom from primordial times through Africa, the slave trade, and the American experience. The poem looks toward the day when "No heart be quieted, no tongue be stilled/Until the final man may stand in any place/And thrust his shoulders to the sky,/Friend and brother to every other man."
Many of the poems in the following two sections of the books have political themes, including opposition to WW II, and riots in the 1940s in Harlem and Detroit. The poem"For Mack C. Parker" is about an African American individual accused of rape and kidnapped from a Mississippi prison and brutally lynched in 1959. Many of the poems in these sections of the book have expansive themes such as the eternal conflict between youth of age and the spirit of rebellion in the young of all times.
As the book proceeds, the book becomes more intimate in tone with many poems of love and loneliness. Many poems appear to talk about love relationships which go awry and seem to have their origin in Murray's private life with her own tormented sexuality. These poems give a fuller, more private look at Murray than is possible in her more celebrated writings. Many of the poems also have religious themes, as befitting her eventual commitment as an Episcopal priest, and themes of the seasons, the beauty of nature, and the individual search for meaning.
Here is a poem called "Ruth" which captures something of both the public and private Pauli Murray.
"Brown girl chanting Te Deums on Sunday
Rust-colored peasant with strength of granite,
Bronze girl welding ship hulls on Monday,
Let nothing smirch you, let no one crush you.
Queen of ghetto, sturdy hill climber,
Walk with the lilt of ballet dancer,Walk like a strong down-East wind blowing,
Walk with the majesty of the First Woman.
Gallant challenger, millioned-hope bearer,
The stars are your beacons, earth your inheritance,
Meet blaze and cannon with your own heart's passion,
Surrender to none the fire of your soul."
Together with her more public achievements, Murray had a poetic emotional gift that it is valuable to have preserved in this book. I was glad to read her poetry for itself and to learn more about Pauli Murray.
Robin Friedman