Examining deterrence theory through a multidisciplinary search for evidence on its validity, this collection of essays explore the conditions under which a strong threat of punishment produces restraint in an adversary, as classic deterrence theory predicts, or else leads to undesired military escalation. Contributors include Richard Ned Lebow, George H. Quester, Paul W. Schroeder, Michael G. Fry, Jack S. Levy, Barry O'Neill, Robert Wilson, John A. C. Conybeare, David B. Yoffie, Jack A. Goldstone, Harold Kelly and Greg Schmidt, and Dean G. Pruitt.