If you were alive and old enough on July 16, 1969, you may still remember where you were on the day “nearly a million people (gathered) under the harsh Florida sun to witness the departure of the first humans to attempt a landing on another world.” You may also remember the day “eight years earlier, (when) President John Kennedy stood before Congress and called for the United States to put a man on the Moon and return him safely to Earth before the end of the decade.”
As authors Stone and Andres may have implied in their 2019 publication, “Chasing the Moon,” a rural Russian school teacher, Konstantin Tsiolkovsky should probably be called “the father of modern space travel.” Nearly one hundred twenty years ago, “Tsiolkovsky published a scientific paper that contained the first appearance of what came to be known as ‘the rocket equation.’” It was Tsiolkovsky’s mathematical formula that compared a rocket’s mass ratio to its velocity. That essential calculation was necessary to determine how to escape a planet’s gravity. Without Tsiolkovsky’s equation, Neil Armstrong would have never made that “one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind” when he descended the lunar module ladder and first set foot on the surface of the Moon, more than half a century ago.
As a follow-up, companion book to the PBS documentary series, “The American Experience,” here in “Chasing the Moon,” Stone and Andres trace the very early beginnings of man’s quest to explore other worlds. This reviewer was surprised at the role science fiction writers, magazines and blooks played in dreaming seemingly impossible dreams. For example, David Lasser’s ground-breaking book, “The Conquest of Space,” and the Collier’s magazine March 22, 1952, edition of the cover story, “Man Will Conquer Space Soon,” helped to “prompt a significant shift in public attitudes toward human spaceflight.”
Again, those of us of a certain age should remember the shock wave heard around the world in October of 1957 when “Russia successfully launched an artificial moon weighing 184 pounds into orbit around the Earth.” One could say that Russia’s first artificial satellite, Sputnik itself launched an official race to the moon. A media panic that followed that scientific milestone “only increased when in early November (of that year) the Soviets orbited Sputnik 2. A much heavier satellite, it carried the first living creature on a one-way trip into orbit, a husky-terrier mix, Laika.”
Fast forward nearly two years, the United States began making up for lost time in the race with Russia when NASA introduced the first seven astronauts who would pioneer the Mercury program. America’s early efforts to put the Mercury Seven into earth orbit should be very familiar to most history students. Perhaps not so well known is a May 1961 Gallup poll that showed “nearly 60 percent of the respondents were opposed to spending billions from the national treasury to put an American on the Moon.” Perhaps equally unknown is President Kennedy’s proposal made in a June 1961 meeting in Vienna with Soviet premier Nikita Khrushev that “the two superpowers combine their resources and venture to the Moon jointly.” Kennedy’s “bold and unexpected overture to Khrushev” was ultimately rejected by the Soviet leader. “If the two superpowers worked together,” Sergei Khrushev was later told by his father, “keeping Soviet secrets would be impossible.”
Other events that apparently got little media attention at the time, included Gus Grissom’s near drowning “while Marine helicopters were attempting to recover his sinking (Mercury) capsule from the Atlantic Ocean.” For that second Mercury flight, “there was no live television from the recovery site.” That drama did show up nearly eighteen years later in the release of Tom Wolfe’s “The Right Stuff.” This reviewer only recently saw the 1983 film adaptation of Wolfe’s book and was shocked to see Grissom fighting for his life. Nearly sixty years to the day since Friendship 7 put the first American into space, most television viewers following that February 20, 1962, launch have long since forgotten that John Glenn could have been killed on his return to Earth when “a faulty signal erroneously indicated that the spacecraft’s heat shield had detached prematurely.” A little more than four years later, NASA was now in the two-astronaut, Gemini phase of chasing the Moon. Who can remember when Neil Armstrong and David Scott’s Gemini 8 spacecraft began “tumbling end over end?” The spacemen’s “rotation rate accelerated to nearly one revolution per second.” Imagine being inside a tumbling gyroscope!
Who remembers all “the former Nazis” who were relocated from Germany to the United States at the end of World War II, including the best-known Wernher von Braun? As part of Operation Paperclip, “around one hundred fifty rocket scientists and engineers,” (developers of Adolph Hitler’s V2 rocket program), were “brought to the United States to impart technical knowledge vital to the nation’s security.” The War Department said those “outstanding German scientists . . . would be in the United States on a temporary basis and all had made the journey voluntarily.” Reportedly, several decades later, (so much for temporary assignments), journalists privately “joked about the irony that a lot of former Nazis were going to put America on the Moon.”
Given Russia’s passion for secrecy and cover-up, the free world may never know how many Soviet cosmonauts have been killed to date in their space program. Again, those of us who were alive and old enough at the time, remember where they were on January 27, 1967. That Friday, this reviewer was working at a South Carolina radio station, monitoring reports from launch Pad 34, where astronauts Gus Grissom, Ed White and Roger Chaffee lost their lives when a fire raced through their Apollo command module. After a review board investigation, “most shocking was the conclusion that the fire had been entirely preventable.” And, how about the three out of the twenty-eight Gemini astronauts who were killed in T-38 plane crashes in just a little more than two years? Were those fatal accidents also “entirely preventable?”
In “Chasing the Moon,” authors Stone and Andres reveal, or at least remind us of the long-forgotten fact that Russia actually beat the United States to the Moon. In September 1968, more than three months before America’s first manned flight to the Moon, the Russian spacecraft Zond 5 with “two tortoises, an assortment of mealworms, wine flies and some plants” on board whipped around the Moon “in a free-return trajectory and headed back toward Earth.” Russia was not done yet. About two months after Zond 5, and more than a month ahead of America’s Apollo 8 lunar spaceflight, “Russia launched yet another Soyuz, Zond 6, on a circumlunar mission.” Granted, both Zond space flights experienced major problems on reentry, but, as Stone and Andres document here, Russia clearly got to the Moon first.
Perhaps, Stone and Andres document another little-known scene out of America’s chase to the moon. Were you aware that nearly four months prior to the nearly disastrous Apollo 13 mission, President Richard Nixon “invited the crew of the second Apollo moon-landing mission to stay overnight at the White House? During the visit, Nixon entertained the Apollo 12 crew and their wives in the White House screening room with a newly released Hollywood motion picture. ‘Marooned’ was a stunning selection to screen on such an occasion. The space-disaster film was about the plight of three Apollo astronauts stranded in orbit as they slowly ran out of available oxygen.” Ironically enough, about four months after “Marooned” was shown to the Apollo 12 astronauts, their colleagues aboard Apollo 13 became actors in a real-life version of the movie as played out live on national television. No wonder, “the wife of one Apollo astronaut later revealed that ‘Marooned’ had given her nightmares.”
As Stone and Andres point out at the end of their space odyssey, more than five decades after Neal Armstrong took that “one small step” unto the lunar surface, today, “less than a sixth of the world’s population has a living memory of the event.” And of course, “far fewer have a firsthand recollection of the circumstances that precipitated it.” It will not be long before “the events of the early space age . . . will pass into a realm of history with no living witnesses walking the Earth.” Thanks to Stone and Andres’ thoroughly researched and compellingly crafted story, at least those Earth dwellers will still have a written record of mankind’s costly and sometimes deadly efforts at “Chasing the Moon.”