This is a book about philosophising, rather than philosophy.’ That is the concluding summary (Kindle 82%) and offers a helpful way of understanding the book. Philosophy is an academic subject with a distinct corpus of content. Philosophising is a methodology and it is that living breathing methodology which seems to be of particular interest to Pieper.
Many of the essays originated as speeches, and this is apparent in the way that the pieces try to be self contained. Reading them, it occurred to me that this is a book which could work well in audiobook format, as readers can dip in a chapter at a time and potentially listen to the pieces in any order.
The content of the pieces all revolve around philosophical themes and they are essentially Pieper’s mature musings on topical issues. We occasionally get analyses of language, as when he notes the irony that the word ‘school’ originally meant ‘leisure’ (3%) because philosophical reflection was a matter of opening the mind to understanding, and that required the tranquility of leisure.
This ancient practice of philosophising in leisure is the origins of the distinction between ‘ratio’ as rationalising and ‘intellectus’ as the mental grasping of reality. Philosophising requires a bit of logical reasoning, but its ancient heart lay in the contemplative insight which can only occur when the mind is free of anxiety in leisurely contemplation. When we look at modern philosophical faculties in universities, especially those in the Anglo-American tradition, philosophy can seem to be almost the reverse. It looks like a mainly rationalising activity with the occasional insight thrown in. It is a surprising conclusion to think that the ancient practice of philosophising is sometimes more to be found in contemplative religious communities, than universities.
Moving into the modern era Marx lambasted a view of philosophy as understanding the world. To him philosophy was about changing the world. Perhaps the distinction would more naturally be cast now in terms of a difference between philosophy and a discipline like sociology. If Pieper had lived long enough to see the modern focus upon identity politics, power and oppression, he would undoubtedly have wanted to contrast philosophers engaged in those activities with the very different way philosophy was understood in the preceding couple of millennia.
At times Pieper engages with Brentano’s worries about the impracticality of Philosophy. At other times it is Sartre’s model of existentialism, or Heidegger’s conception of truth. In other essays it is Pascal’s attempt to differentiate the use of authority from its misuse in the natural sciences.
In a particular interesting set of essays Pieper explores the idea of tradition, and especially the contrast between a Divine Tradition and a human custom. One of the important roles of tradition is to supplement instruction for as Dr. Johnson put it, ‘people need to be reminded more often than they need to be instructed’ (65%)
Overall this is a very readable book, although it does engage with complicated philosophical ideas in places so readers may need to occasionally pause for reflection. Around 15% of the book is footnotes, so readers can follow up ideas which they are interested in.