Narsisizm Üzerine

by Sigmund Freud

Genellikle birtakım eylemler eşliğinde eksiksiz bir tatmin elde edene kadar kendi vücuduna bakan bir insanın tutumunu aktarmak üzere kullanılmıştır narsisizm tanımlaması.

Kısaca, “dünya bir yana ‘ben’ bir yana” diyen kişilik yapısı…

Alanında önemli bir mertebeye ulaşan Sigmund Freud, konuyu tartışma masasına koyup başka birçok yazarın fikrine de başvurarak konuşulmasını ve anlaşılmasını sağlamıştır narsisizmin, melankolinin ve matemin.

Narsisizm, libido, ego, megalomani, hipokondri, nevrasteni, parafreni, oto-erotizm kavramlarını doğru kullanabilmenin yollarından en önemlisi bu kitabı okumak.

Yeni kavrayış imkânları verecek ve kuşkusuz öğrenirken herkesin kendi deneyimleriyle sınayacağı türden bilgiler içeriyor Sigmund Freud’un bu eseri de…

Genres: Psychology, Psychoanalysis, Nonfiction, Philosophy, Science, Classics, German Literature

80 pages, Paperback

Published September 1, 2018

About the author

Dr. Sigismund Freud (later changed to Sigmund) was a neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis, who created an entirely new approach to the understanding of the human personality. He is regarded as one of the most influential—and controversial—minds of the 20th century.

In 1873, Freud began to study medicine at the University of Vienna. After graduating, he worked at the Vienna General Hospital. He collaborated with Josef Breuer in treating hysteria by the recall of painful experiences under hypnosis. In 1885, Freud went to Paris as a student of the neurologist Jean Charcot. On his return to Vienna the following year, Freud set up in private practice, specialising in nervous and brain disorders. The same year he married Martha Bernays, with whom he had six children.

Freud developed the theory that humans have an unconscious in which sexual and aggressive impulses are in perpetual conflict for supremacy with the defences against them. In 1897, he began an intensive analysis of himself. In 1900, his major work 'The Interpretation of Dreams' was published in which Freud analysed dreams in terms of unconscious desires and experiences.

In 1902, Freud was appointed Professor of Neuropathology at the University of Vienna, a post he held until 1938. Although the medical establishment disagreed with many of his theories, a group of pupils and followers began to gather around Freud. In 1910, the International Psychoanalytic Association was founded with Carl Jung, a close associate of Freud's, as the president. Jung later broke with Freud and developed his own theories.

After World War One, Freud spent less time in clinical observation and concentrated on the application of his theories to history, art, literature and anthropology. In 1923, he published 'The Ego and the Id', which suggested a new structural model of the mind, divided into the 'id, the 'ego' and the 'superego'.

In 1933, the Nazis publicly burnt a number of Freud's books. In 1938, shortly after the Nazis annexed Austria, Freud left Vienna for London with his wife and daughter Anna.

Freud had been diagnosed with cancer of the jaw in 1923, and underwent more than 30 operations. He died of cancer on 23 September 1939.

Reviews

[Flo · Rating 4 out of 5]

Feelings of self-importance, the constant need for admiration, the complete lack of empathy, the passion for triangulation, the exploitation of others for personal gain, otherworldly skills to manipulate, nonexistent self-esteem; idealization, love-bombing, devaluation, discard, repeat. The signs of the narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) are well-known, and if you didn’t know, now you do. However, it’s equally important to be aware of what comes next after you are done with people who are wired differently - an euphemism to say people who use anyone with a pulse and nothing else.
When they have no control over you, they try to control others' perceptions of you. To retaliate, they may start a smear campaign to destroy your reputation and credibility among the people you have in common. It’s also an effective way to play the role of a victim who is suffering because of your "cruel actions" and thus they will be able to feed on other people’s compassion. They will also unleash their rage having lost all control. They will stalk, harass and try to come back to your life. Another option sent from heaven would be absence – they voluntarily disappear since you know who they really are now and they can’t get anything from you. An ideal response that will spare you the drama these pitiable creatures are capable of. Let them escape; paraphrasing Dostoyevsky, unable to love, they are already in hell.

A person may love:— (1) According to the narcissistic type:
(a) what he himself is (i.e. himself),
(b) what he himself was,
(c) what he himself would like to be,
(d) someone who was once part of himself.
(2) According to the anaclitic (attachment) type:
(a) the woman who feeds him,
(b) the man who protects him, and the succession of substitutes who take their place. The inclusion of case (c) of the first type cannot be justified till a later stage of this discussion.

Even though we just covered basic notions in simple English, this essay is not about NPD per se. This introduction to self psychology, among many other concepts and disputes with Jung, explains the relation between the ego and external objects and the meaning of the 'ego ideal', the superego's ancestor.

This ideal ego is now the target of the self-love which was enjoyed in childhood by the actual ego. The subject's narcissism makes its appearance displaced on to this new ideal ego, which, like the infantile ego, finds itself possessed of every perfection that is of value. As always where the libido is concerned, man has here again shown himself incapable of giving up a satisfaction he had once enjoyed. He is not willing to forgo the narcissistic perfection of his childhood; and when, as he grows up, he is disturbed by the admonitions of others and by the awakening of his own critical judgement, so that he can no longer retain that perfection, he seeks to recover it in the new form of an ego ideal. What he projects before him as his ideal is the substitute for the lost narcissism of his childhood in which he was his own ideal.

June 20, 19
* Later on my blog.

[Momina · Rating 3 out of 5]

"We have discovered, especially clearly in people whose libidinal development has suffered some disturbance, such as perverts and homosexuals, that in their later choice of love-objects they have taken as a model not their mother but their own selves. They are plainly seeking themselves as a love-object, and are exhibiting a type of object-choice which must be termed 'narcissistic'."

"For it seems very evident that another person's narcissism has a great attraction for those who have renounced part of their own narcissism and are in search of object-love. The charm of a child lies to a great extent in his narcissism, his self-contentment and inaccessibility, just as does the charm of certain animals which seem not to concern themselves about us, such as cats and the large beasts of prey. Indeed, even great criminals and humorists, as they are represented in literature, compel our interest by the narcissistic consistency with which they manage to keep away from their ego anything that would diminish it. It is as if we envied them for maintaining a blissful state of mind--an unassailable libidinal position which we ourselves have since abandoned."

"A person may love:-

(1) According to the narcissistic type:
(a) what he himself is (i.e. himself),
(b) what he himself was,
(c) what he himself would like to be,
(d) someone who was once part of himself

(2) According to the anaclitic (attachment) type:
(a) the woman who feeds him,
(b) the man who protects him."

"If we look at the attitude of affectionate parents towards their children, we have to recognize that it is a revival and reproduction of their own narcissism; which they have long since abandoned...

Thus they are under a compulsion to ascribe every perfection to the child--which sober observation would find no occasion to do, and to conceal and forget all his shortcomings. (Incidentally, the denial of sexuality in children is connected with this.) Moreover, they are inclined to suspend in the child's favour the operation of all the cultural acquisitions which their own narcissism has been forced to respect, and to renew on his behalf the claims to privileges which were long ago given up by themselves. The child shall have a better time than his parents; he shall not be subject to the necessities which they have recognized as paramount in life. Illness, death, renunciation of enjoyment, restrictions on his own will, shall not touch him; the laws of nature and of society shall be abrogated in his favour; he shall once more really be the centre and core of creation--'His Majesty the Baby', as we once fancied ourselves. The child shall fulfill those wishful dreams of the parents which they never carried out--the boy shall become a great man and a hero in his father's place, and the girl shall marry a prince as a tardy compensation for her mother. At the most touchy point in the narcissistic system, the immortality of the ego, which is so hard pressed by reality, security is achieved by taking refuge in the child. Parental love, which is so moving and at bottom so childish, is nothing but the parents' narcissism born again, which, transformed into object-love, unmistakably reveals its former nature."

[Gogelescu Ion Petre · Rating 4 out of 5]

A strong egoism is a protection against falling ill, but in the last resort we must begin to love in order not to fall ill, and we are bound to fall ill if, in consequence of frustration, we are unable to love.

[Heleen.A.H · Rating 3 out of 5]

Good content, bad writing style!

[Kelly Lambert · Rating 1 out of 5]

Oh, Freud. There’s nothing else to say apart from “yawn”

[Eleutheria A.cl · Rating 5 out of 5]

This review is more like a summary I scramble after reading. Hope I understand it relatively well.

Freud first starts by defining narcissism as a paraphrenia distinguished from schizophrenia. Though both of them shares two characters of megalomania and withdraw the libido from the external world, the fate of libido after this process differs greatly. In the former case libido just withdraws from external objects and flows back to ego while the latter, do the introversion of libido which means that they replace the external objects in real world by others in their imaginary world. In short, the schizophrenia is kinda crazy while narcissism is not.

Narcissism is always accompanied by hypochondria, When one is ill, they are incapable of loving or showing any interests. When the intensity of body resulted from erogeneity suppress a certain threshold, the build-up of the libido in the ego has to be experienced as unpleasurable, which is the form the increased tension express itself. The hypochondriac fear is the counter part on the ego-libido side to neurotic fear, the latter actually forms pathological reaction system while the former becomes phase of attempted restitution, and such restitution traces back eventually to infant time.

The infantile libido while its developing in choosing the sexual objects, if disturbed, might lead to the fact that their choice of love-object is not one's mother but themselves. Thus, two types of person falls sharply: one predisposed to the imitative type of object-choice the other to the narcissistic. And it might turn out to be, that narcissism individuals always attracts people who renounced their narcissism for objects love. Freud notes, people always love cats, and big cats, and babies.

Narcissism people love what they are, what they were, what they'd love to become, and what once was part of themselves. Imitatives love the woman who feed them, the man who protects them.

The adults love babies like a majesty, a perfection, is only due to the narcissism of parents to whom the babies are they once were but renounced or forced out of such situation long time ago. "Immortality of ego gravely threatened by reality, now is rendered secure by finding refuge in the child."

The most powerful predator of children's primary narcissism is the fear of "castration complex", the punishment and crucial reality from family and milieu supervision: they start to realize they are not perfect, they are criticized and punished and despised by certain behaviors and expression. Therefore, repression takes place regarding to the "self-respect" of ego, an ego-ideal is set up for them to fulfill while certain thoughts desires and exp were merely reined back into unconsciousness.

The ego-ideal and the self-love enjoyed in childhood are pretty much alike, they are both perfect things. The individual's narcissism is transferred onto the new ego-ideal, striving or just finding themselves to be perfect, and ideal.

Striving for ego-ideal is not sublimation, because the sublimation is about drives (meaning unsexualizing them), and idealization is about sexualizing an objects (in this case, the ego); ego-ideal might demands sublimation but cant force it happen, but sublimation once it triggered by the ideal, runs independently of any such triggers. "The formation of ideals intensifies the demands of ego," thus ego-ideal when tries to reach such demands favoring repression, while the sublimation, means let-out and to "meet the demand without recourse to repression."

The ego-ideal leads to a scrutiny entity, conscience, which roots in the first criticism of parents or the ideas and value of society. People pour too much libido into the family and social value therefore always seeks to break free and rebel against it, free himself from all those influences. Such inner conflicts (self-criticism) leads to either philosophical introspection or neurosis.

There leads to the self-feeling, in paraphrenia it is enhanced while in neuroses it is diminished, and it is increased by being loved, and decreased by not been loved. The self-feeling remain proportional to the degree of narcissism in one's love life. Loving someone means renouncing one's own narcissism, the impotence of love decrease the self feeling. It's all bcs there is no libido flows to the love-cathexis, thanks to the either ego-ideal possess them all or repress them back to unconsciousness. To free their libido and heal their wounded mental life, they must learn to love and being loved back.

Anyway, they "paranoia is frequently cause by the ego being wounded, by gratification being refused within the domain of the ego-ideal".

[Beril · Rating 5 out of 5]

Üzerinde düşündüğüm pek çok kavramı kolayca birbirlerine bağlamamı sağlayan önemli bir kaynak kitaptı.

[Musa · Rating 2 out of 5]

There's not much I can say about the content that has not already been said countless times, so I'll just add that yes, this is indeed a landmark work in psychoanalysis that still holds a fair amount of relevance today. I found the discussion of primary and secondary narcissism, and how a balance between object-libido and ego-libido is crucial for healthy psychosexual development, particularly interesting.

It's just a shame that one of Freud's most important and insightful essays is also such a chore to read. On Narcissism is not just a painfully technical work that requires a fair amount of prior knowledge regarding Freudian psychoanalysis (so it should definitely not be your introduction to the subject), but it's also just... very much all over the place in terms of writing and structure.

[Edmond · Rating 4 out of 5]

Having dealt with a narcissist in my life, Freud gives a good overview of this personality disorder. These narcissist must be avoided, they will destroy one’s life. Reading Freud’s overview of narcissism gives me the ability to identify a narcissist and how to deal with a narcissist. In particular, women on the dating scene, looking at their social media account is the best “tell.” A narcissist only sees themselves, the world is a mirror, they worship themselves and only themselves. They are a window into what hell looks like, a narcissist is small and cheap, the very nature of evil. The banality of evil.

[Kai Mustakoski · Rating 4 out of 5]

Fascinating! The more I read Freud’s own work, the more it comes obvious that the image Freud has in the minds of the masses is a total fiction.

Once more it is clear that people who do not read authors’ work can claim to have an opinnion about them.

[Uğur · Rating 5 out of 5]

Let me proceed first by referring to the other review written. Freud does not endorse Narcissism, he does not defend it. Narcissism is a personality disorder, and Freud is obliged to reveal and study it. He did so and dealt with narcissism in two phases. The first stage is the period when an individual sees himself as an object of love, which corresponds to the period of infancy and childhood. The second stage is the process that coincides with the adult age of the individual, in which the libido tells about the orientation of the self again with the inability to find the object of love.

Freud, who also deals with these two phases and the processes of Decoupling and transition between them, focuses on the emergence of the psychic period. The development of the psychic universe The narcissist predicts that just as he has corrupted me, the child will also enter into the motive of protecting it and that if he does not get enough confidence and self-esteem from his parents at this stage, he will enter a psychopathological stage.

Proceeding from this point, he switches to the general theory of libido and turns to the internal conflict that begins in the ego with the suppression of libido, which we can define as an instinctual energy. He explains the suppression relationship he has established between self, motive, family, society, Decency, civilization, culture with libido, which he defines as neurosis. In short, Freud put a huge world into this short book.

Although some thinkers consider libido as a joy to live, my personal opinion is in favor of Freud's rightness. Libido is a narcissistic neurosis (based on today's human profile).

[Henry Els · Rating 2 out of 5]

If you're not familiar with Freud, this is one of those essays of his that shape his rather polarizing reputation. Some very interesting concepts, but definitely can feel pretty dated in its speculations.

Basically, he suggests the following;

Everyone is born with a "primary narcissism". A phase of sexual development in early infancy, universal to all people. The child sees itself as all important in the world – this thought reinforced by the treatment from the mother, which feeds into a child's adoration of the mother.

Freud then proposes a "secondary narcissism" which assumes the universal presence of the "primary narcissism" in everyone. Secondary narcissism is not a new creation, but rather, the magnification and expression of an already existing condition – that condition being "primary narcissism". This "secondary narcissism" is expressed in later developmental stages, as the child grows and moves into post–infantile stages of life. Expression of this "secondary narcissism" is basically the person's rejection of reality in favor of escaping back to an ideal they have of the "primary narcissism" they developed as a child.
Freud postulates that people whose libidinal development has suffered some kind of disturbance, such as 'perverts and homosexuals' (his words, not mine), end up choosing their own selves as their desired love object. Per Freud, in a 'normal' libidinal developmental process, a person would choose their mother as their desired love-object, to seek out in others.

[Adam Feng · Rating 3 out of 5]

In many ways, the concept of Narcissism serves as the glue for much of Freud's early psychoanalytic theories.

Freud imagines a libidinal economy in which object-libido (directed outward) and ego-libido (directed inward) exist in a ratio. Being in love is at the extreme end of object-libido; being a paranoid schizophrenic is at the extreme end of ego-libido. In essence, object-libido and ego-libido are tied in a zero-sum game. Freud also separates Primary Narcissism from Secondary Narcissism, the former being necessary and the latter detrimental. The formation of the Ideal Ego (not yet called the Super-Ego) is also critical to understanding later Psychoanalysts (See Lacan's extension of the Ideal Ego through the Mirror Stage).

Much like Freud's other writings, this text is characteristically eloquent and insightful yet dated (see Freud on Homosexuality in sections I and II).

3/5

[Benjamin Stahl · Rating 3 out of 5]

On a random note, this is my 1500th review on Goodreads. I just thought I would start tagging my reviews after every five-hundred reads (or ratings) from now on. I hope I stay around for many more.

Freud's take on narcissism is a characteristically eloquent and insightful one, if perhaps in some areas a little dated. Gay people, did you know that, according to Dr. Freud at least, you are probably quite narcissistic? Also, in the true Freudian fashion of linking everything (or at least most things) to sex, narcissists don't just love themselves above all others. They literally would have sex with their own bodies, if they could.

Perhaps I should not so readily admit that I myself might be a little narcissistic (thought aren't we all?) sometimes.

[Eskil · Rating 3 out of 5]

For å få det på det rene var Freud mer eller mindre en crackhead, og hver gang han sier noe som høres litt rart ut tar jeg det med et kg salt. Alt han for eksempel har å si om homofile ("de er narsissister") og kvinner ("du skulle trodd kvinnelige nevrotikere med lavt selvbilde var stygge, men de fleste er skikkelig sexy") er helt på jordet, men når han sier at narsissister er som de "er" fordi de har for lite selvfølelse, og ikke for mye, føler jeg at han definitivt ikke har bomma helt. Statistisk sett må han uansett til slutt ha rett på noe. Tror jeg.

[Parsa Dayani · Rating 5 out of 5]

بنده ترجمه زیبا تابان از انتشارات نگاه رو‌مطالعه کردم
باز نبوغ و خلاقیت فروید رو تحسین میکنم
این کتابی که من خوندم علاوه بر مقاله اصلی تعدادی از کامنت‌ها و مقالات در راستای این مقاله رو آورده که
از بین نظرات آقای کلیفورد یورو بسیار مطلوب مقاله اصلی را توضیح داده ولی اصلا نامه‌ی‌گرینبرگ رو خوشم‌نیومد بنظرم جدا از لحن تند و زننده‌ای که داشت هیچ هدف توضیحی و اصلاحی هم نداشت صرفا انتقادی بود
در مجموع کتاب جالبی بود البته گویا بحث پیچیده‌تر از اینهاست بطوری‌که اسم مقاله‌هم حتی مقدمه‌ای برخودشیفتگی است نه خودشیفتگی

[Chris O’Donnell]

I think I need to watch some YouTube videos explaining some more of Freud’s thoughts cause some of his clinical vocabulary gets me a bit lost and I found myself looking up a lot of definitions to understand exactly what’s going on. Other than that, there’s some real interesting points. His focus on drive and what we desire always has some truth surrounding it in my eyes. That said, I need a break from reading this dude’s work.

[Jung Edda · Rating 5 out of 5]

These people giving it a bad rating have never been through Narcissism or seen its symptoms. Freud's ideas aren't all 100% correct but he does understand women to an extent as well as Homosexuality and schizophrenia.

[asif-wtv-getthepictureduh]

woah i think freud had a little bit too much of the good stuff when he wrote this essay, it's bonkers!
but also important for the distinction between ego-instincts and libido-instincts, and the formation of the ego ideal (later super ego)

[Lev · Rating 2 out of 5]

Psikanalitik düşünceye ilgi duyanlar için önemli bir metin ama okuması kolay değil. Terimler yoğun ve metin zaman zaman soyut. Dolayısıyla dikkatli okumak gerekiyor. Freud’un bu çalışması psikanalizin temel taşlarından biri sayılabilir.

[Antonio Meridda · Rating 4 out of 5]

Libro molto particolare, in cui Freud spiega quella che, a detta sua, è la prima "molla" dei comportamenti umani: il narcisismo.

[Samet Telli · Rating 5 out of 5]

Bilimsel bir metin ve okuması zor. Hatta psikoloji veya tıp okuyanlar dahi zorlanmıştır okurken, ancak verdiği ibretler mükemmel.

[Becky · Rating 3 out of 5]

Surprisingly easy to understand and accessible. Quite a bit of it seemed like bunk, but Freud still makes some golden statements that have been whirling around in my brain ever since.

[Halil Karakış · Rating 1 out of 5]

Çok ağır ve karmaşık bir dille yazılmış bir kitap. Genel okuyucuya asla hitap etmiyor.

[jimmy · Rating 5 out of 5]

probably my favorite freud thus far.

[Gönenç Karaçam · Rating 2 out of 5]

Seni asla sevemicem freud

[miriam ⋆ ˚｡⋆౨ৎ˚ · Rating 2 out of 5]

“hysterical women are the most beautiful ones” and “all women are narcissists” were… interesting… points to say the least

[Maria Cecilia · Rating 4 out of 5]

Hoje eu fui muito psicóloga, nossa.

[Clyde Davide · Rating 2 out of 5]

mai finito, poco scorrevole

[F · Rating 4 out of 5]

Developmental stages
Ego libido vs. object libido
Anaclitic vs. narcissistic object choice
Ego ideal --> superego