This book is a mixture of mathematics, history, geology, and geography. As a whole, it is quite fascinating.
The introduction though does not set the stage well at all. Carlotto discusses is background and areas of interest & expertise, including investigation possible alien artifacts on other planets, crop circles and UFOs of ours, and what I know to be conspiracy theories about archaeological sites and ancient civilizations.
But everything takes an abrupt 180 when he turns our attention to the fact that it has been hypothesized by Hapgood that the North Pole has not always been in the Arctic Circle. Carlotto’s analysis makes it sound like the pole itself moved, when instead the reason for the change would be due to shifts in Earth’s crust [due to natural events/disasters] and the continental drift overall. This could even be before the countries drifted apart to form the continents as we know them.
Note: He DOES mention Earth’s shifting crust, but as the eponymous book written by Hapgood. As the book continues, until over 75% in, it almost sounds like the pole changes essentially just happened.
Instead of reconstructing history from myth, Carlotto reconstructs history with aerial archaeology and geometry.
Carlotto thus takes Hapgoods conclusions and implements modern technology (including Google Maps) along with geometric and astronomical alignments of various landmarks to best determine where former places of the North Pole likely were.
Because of over 200 sites he examined, only half of them are aligned in known geographical or astronomical directions.
Using various images (regular pictures, Google Maps, regular maps, and other things), Carlotto reveals the possible nature of many of these uniquely designed places...and that some may actually be older than we realize, despite the fact that even without metal tools--or the wheel!--civilizations were able to cut and transport bedrock to develop structures.
And no, there is actually no evidence to suggest that this was done by aliens.
What this does mean though is that humans, or at least a human subspecies (like the Denisovans) existed tens of thousands of years before leaving Africa. And when modern humans DID leave Africa, they’d have thought these beings gods. There are even the Naacal, the ancient Maya who spread their culture to the rest of the world--and that culture was more advanced than ours for a long time.
These are ideas that Carlotto bounces back and forth between, and is thus repetitive in the first few chapters and the last few.
He also doesn’t use many commas, so the editing could definitely have been tightened up.
But then things get interesting.
Carlotto brings in a lot of geometry and how the positions of the moon, sun, and even the Earth can be calculated in different ways. Many sites are directed towards the sun’s position on an equinox, as it changes by even 1 or 2 degrees between the spring and fall equinoxes, which I didn’t know. I’m a math person and even the trig in the equations boggled me. I can do the math, but applying it to geology and astronomy throws me off. It’s still fascinating...even if some of the graphs confuse me.
But these equations can be inverted to determine when an alignment at a specific angle would have lined up with some type of solar or seasonal event. And the graphs do help analyze changes over time.
Something that sparked this type of research, even nearly 100 years ago, is how strange certain sites are. For example, using the above information, many sites are directed in the same general direction but don’t actually align perfectly with a solar or lunar event (if it’s even close), or the north pole. Others have names that contrast with their orientation. Or there are some places, like a few in China, that seem to disregard the element of Feng shui.
It wasn’t until the 1960s that paleomagnetic evidence of polar changes was confirmed, which is pretty neat.
The real heart of the book though is when Carlotto walks us through the different Ages, and links them to Hesiod’s The Ages of Man. He provides a table of sites for each that align to each of the poles whether through an Equinox, Solstice, Major lunar standstill, and minor lunar standstill. These sites were determined by drawing great circles through the suspected pole.
~~~First Age: The Bering Sea Pole--this includes the Temple of the Sun, Machu Picchu, the Sacred Lake of Egypt, and the Tomb of Agamemnon in Mycenae.
--Of the Tomb of Agamemnon, Carlotto describes various theories behind why the tomb would be misaligned with respect to the cardinal directions.
~~~Second Age: The Greenland Pole--this includes The Parthenon, Easter Island, various Temples in Egypt, the Western Wall in Jerusalem, and the Tower of Babel.
--On Easter Island is the stone structure Ahu Tahai, which doesn’t face west but 8.2° north of west. It may have been placed on the foundation of a structure built there tens of thousands of years prior that was oriented in the direction of the Greenland pole.
~~~Third Age: Norwegian Sea Pole--this includes other temples in Egypt (including Horus and Ramses), Chichen Itza, and Por-Bajin in Siberia.
--Of Por-Bajin, if it is assumed it was developed during the time of the Norwegian Sea Pole, then it would not have been in the middle of nowhere in the middle of a lake. The site would have been warmer, making its existence more plausible...save for the fact “that according to accepted timelines modern humans had not yet left Africa.”
~~~Fourth Age: Hudson Bay Pole--this includes Machu Picchu, Blythe Intaglios in California, and the Shri Martand Sun Temple.
--Of Shri Martand Sun Temple, this is one with a name that makes no sense since it’s not currently aligned to the sun in any way. BUT it would have been facing due east during when the north pole was in the Hudson Bay
Instead of having a chapter on the Fifth Age (our current age, where the north pole is in the Arctic Circle, Carlotto goes into a chapter on looking back from this Fifth Age.
~ The Bering Sea to Greenland pole shift caused Europe from being sub-tropical to temperate; it then became polar during the Norewegian Sea pole shift. This can be a reason as to why modern humans didn’t migrate to Europe until about 40,000 BCE, which would be about 20K years after the Hudson Bay pole shift.
~ During the Fourth Age, humans were prevented from migrating from Asia to North America. Then about 20K years ago, the Arctic pole shift occurred, and the conditions allowed for humans to travel between the two continents via a land bridge (that is now underwater). (I am just glad I knew that the land bridge existed and was theorized to be the way in which humans traveled to North America)!
~ It’s quite interesting to know how few sites there are in Asia and North America that align to previous poles; but that the number of those in Mesoamerica increase over time.