With Every Drop of Blood: A Novel of the Civil War

by James Lincoln Collier, Christopher Collier (Contributor)

Johnny made a promise to his father, who was wounded fighting for the South. He promised to take care of the family and not run off to fight. Without Pa, Johnny’s family can barely scrape by. But when there’s an offer to take his mules and wagon on a bold mission to supply the Rebel troops, Johnny can’t resist. Then he’s captured by a Yankee—Cush, a runaway slave. Johnny doesn’t like taking orders from a black. But he’s got no choice. He’s bound for prison camp, tormented by his broken promise and wondering what will become of his family and himself.

Genres: Historical Fiction, Civil War, Historical, Fiction, Young Adult, Middle Grade, Childrens

256 pages, Mass Market Paperback

First published January 1, 1994

About the author

James Lincoln Collier (born June 27, 1928) is a journalist, author, and professional musician.

Collier's notable literary works include My Brother Sam Is Dead (1974), a Newbery Honor book that was also named a Notable Children's Book by the American Library Association and nominated for a National Book Award in 1975. He also wrote a children's book titled The Empty Mirror (2004), The Teddy Bear Habit (1967), about an insecure boy whose beatnik guitar teacher turns out to be a crook, and Rich and Famous (1975), sequel to The Teddy Bear Habit. His list of children's books also includes Chipper (2001), about a young boy in a gang. His writings for adults include numerous books on jazz, including biographies of Louis Armstrong, Benny Goodman and Duke Ellington. He has also contributed entries on jazz-related subjects to the Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians.

In addition to his writing, Collier is an accomplished jazz musician who plays the trombone professionally.

Reviews

[G.A. Benoit · Rating 4 out of 5]

This book offers an extremely small glimpse into a fictional experience during the Civil War. Johnny’s internal argument, and the author’s explanation of both sides, are great tools for teaching. This book would be great for a fictional companion to teaching about the essential question of the Civil War- was it fought over slavery or states rights?

[Josie · Rating 2 out of 5]

This book was just okay. I liked the story line, however it went way too slowly. The beginning is very slow. When Johnny is captured by Cush the story picks up and gets more exciting for a little while. As Johnny is teaching Cush to read I got very bored and it seemed to just go on and on. Then when Johnny puts on a Union coat the story got better. Cush and Johnny were on the run, and better friends than ever. When Cush got captured Johnny went after him and that meant a lot. During this time, it was rare for a white southerner to become close with an African american but Johnny and Cush built that bond. The last ten or so pages seemed completely random. The ending didn't seem to fit in the book.

[August Storkel · Rating 3 out of 5]

With Every Drop of Blood is about a boy named Johnny living in the South towards the end of the Civil War. He works hard to keep the farm going while his father fights in the war but when his father returns and later dies of a gunshot wound, Johnny wants nothing but revenge. After a fast choice he must now find a way to get home and make it back to his mother and two younger siblings who depend on him for everything now. The book had its share of good and not so exciting moments but I would say overall it was a very good book. My favorite part was when Johnny got captured while on the wagon train to the capitol. This was the most exciting part to me and this was where the book really started to pick up the pace. The main thing that I disliked about the book was that it went into massive detail about little things in the book that, to me, did not mean too much to the story line. I often found myself reading two pages of details on a certain event that went way off of the main story line or problem at hand at the moment. All in all I did find the story enjoyable. But it is more of a historical book so that being said, I would recommend this to readers that like this time in history or that like older western type stories.

[Chloe Walsh · Rating 1 out of 5]

No one could deny that the Civil War was a terribly complex piece of American History. There were many motives, some more justifiable than others, and a great deal of passion to accompany each opinion. There would have to be to start a war you would think, but the authors, James and his brother Christopher Collier, would rather have us believe that most people didn’t really have a reason and, in the South particularly, they were simply fighting because the enemy was in front of them. As historically accurate as this novel is (as was shown in the many many paragraphs spent on detailing the finer points of caring for mules), the characters depicted in the story were deeply lackluster and stereotypical, such as our main character, a hardworking Southern farm boy named Johnny. Even the mules were the epitome of stereotypical mules (I didn't even know such a thing existed until I read this book). With Every Drop of Blood, despite the intriguing title, and copious amounts of historical research done, is a poor depiction of the people involved in the Civil War.

[Mary L. · Rating 5 out of 5]

Two boys, both from the South (teenagers) become entangled with each other during the very end of the civil war. The white boy is acting as a teamster and the black one has ran away and joined the Union Army. Unlikely as it seems they end up being friends and learning a lot about why people think the war is being fought and what this nation is really about in the process. Johnny (white) learns a lot about himself also.

[Jacob Johnson · Rating 5 out of 5]

The summary of this book is Johnny, a southern boy who's dad fought for the Confederates, is trying to take care of his family after his dad died from getting shot. One day he hears about a food supply for the Confederate Army. The pay bill is 400 dollars. Even though there was a chance of fighting and he promised his dad not to fight, he still went. After 3-4 days, a company of Union soldiers captured the wagon train. What really made him mad was he was captured by a African-American company. Johnny didn't like taking orders from a black soldier, who's name was Cush. But to come back home, he needed to follow orders. The main-character in this book is Johnny. He is a strong, mentally and physically, person who is very loyal to the Southern Army. Cush, the Union African-American soldier, is another main character. He is a runaway slave who signed up for the Union when he stumbled upon a Union Army camp. The setting of this book is in the war-torn state of Virginia. The conflict in this story is that Johnny has to get back home from the captivity of the Union soldiers. The result of the conflict is the friendship between Johnny and Cush drove them to escape the hands of the Union and head home to Cush's mother and Johnny's home. My opinion of this book is it should have been longer because it was such a good book. My recommendation of the book is that if you like the Civil war and adventure books, this book is for you.

[Chanelle S · Rating 3 out of 5]

Pa got shot at Cedar Creek.

He didn’t die right away; he came home and Johnny and Pa had a lot of time to talk first, but he did die.

He told Johnny all about the war and the fighting and he made Johnny promise not to go off and fight himself. He told Johnny he’d done the fighting for their family and that Johnny’s duty was to help out with the family.

Johnny promised he wouldn’t go. He meant to keep to that promise.

But when the major asks him to take his wagon and mules and deliver supplies to the Confederate troops and he tells Johnny it’s his duty to Virginia, it’s too much to resist: Johnny’s got to go.

But then Johnny’s caravan is ambushed by the Yankees, and Johnny’s captured by a young soldier named Cush--a young black soldier. Johnny can’t believe it! This is too much to bear. Not only is he not a hero like he thought he'd be, he’s a prisoner, off to a prison camp, and under the control of a black soldier.

It’s the last days of the war and everything is in chaos. Johnny and Cush find themselves having to be allies against dangers on every side.

(REVIEW: As a white Confederate soldier, Johnny is definitely dealing with racist feelings toward Cush, and he has to work through them as he gets to know Cush as a fellow human being.)

[Mia]

The book, With Every Drop of Blood, by James Lincoln Collier, was a book I would never recommend to others. It might have just been me, but I just felt like the story's plot was not very well thought out and was really not interesting at all. For an example, in the beginning, Johnny tells us that his father died when he came back from war. but then the author still decide to go ahead and tell us the whole thing, yet we still knew he was going to die, so there was no suspense on weather or not he was going to. As I said, I would not encourage others to read this book unless they were a civil war fanatic, or a historian.

[Trevor Fong · Rating 4 out of 5]

I thought this is a great book with adventure, suspense, and action. James Lincoln Collier and Christopher Collier created a very well written book that captivates yourself as a reader to the American Civil War against the Union and the Confederates. The historical fiction which means it is made up of events set in the past of a time period in which it is set. In this case, it was the Civil War period. While reading this book it gave you an authentic and real perspective of two characters in the book. Johnny who is part of the Confederates and believes in States Rights and Cush is a runaway slave from the South who believes it's his right to join the Union and fight to abolish slavery. In addition to how both sides of the war had thoughts as same as to what Johnny and Cush had which made the novel so interesting, in what was happening. Also, I enjoyed reading how Johnny life was like which can be related to that time period of many southerners who were in the middle to low class. Had to farm for there food and make a little income from miscellaneous tasks. Also, how labor intensive there tasks around to the household was in order to make it through the winter. In which everyone needed to help in order to have food on the table. On one event that happened, I enjoyed reading how some African Americans, for example, Cush aspired to something else than picking crops as an Enslaved African American at that time period. On page 99 it says, "'Why're you so hot to learn to read? What use is reading to nig-colored folks, when like as not most of 'em won't never do anything all their lives but hoe corn and pick cotton? 'That's that meaning of it, right there,' he said. 'I sure ain't gonna spend the rest of my life plowing, planting, and picking for somebody else's table. I done that since I was six years old. I'm gonna get some learning and kiss that old plow good-bye for good."' This quote is significant because at that time period this quote gave me some gratitude because Cush was faced with many adversities but still thrived for a better education and life. I suggest this book to readers who like historical fiction novels and action and adventure. It is a great novel and very well written.

[Alexis]

Johnny a teenager in war-torn Virginia goes against everything his parents told him to fight in the war. He is captured by Private Turner/Cush a black Union soldier. Together they fight through the battle itself to get home.

Overall, this book was alright. I really did enjoy that this story had a really base and plot even though it is considered America's Bloodiest Battle. The bond the boys make is unforgettable and was heartwarming through this tough time. It gave a spark for me that proved that even in the darkest of nights, there can be a light.

I felt that the most significant part of the story was Johnny's promise to Pa on page 37. This part of the book was the most significant because this promise meant a lot to Pa even though he was dying. Then once Johnny heard about the task that could get them 400 dollars, Johnny went off to do it even though he knew that there was the risk of fighting. Johnny, later, had ended up fighting in the battle.

On page. 225. " ' Let's go' one of the soldiers said. They turned and ran. Cush dropped straight down onto his knees. 'Thank the Lord,' he said. This was another significant moment i the book that showed me there can be humanity in this world because in this part Johnny did everything he could to rescue Cush and with mercy's help he was able to convince the Southern soldiers, that the war was over.

I felt that this story was especially strong in showing the true meaning of friendship which was friendship has no color and can last though the most harsh times.

[Devin Harazmus · Rating 4 out of 5]

With Every Drop of Blood by James Lincoln Collinar is a great simple book. It is a very fast read despite how many pages it is. With Every Drop of Blood takes place in the south during the civil war. The main character Johnny's dad dies fighting in the war. Before his father dies he promises him he will not fight in the war like he did. Johnny thought it would be a good idea to enter the war so he did anyway. After entering he ends up being captured by a black northern soldier named Cush. Him and the soldier both agree to run away to avoid the war. They become very good friends which was uncommon for people of different races at the time. Johnny even tried teaching him how to read. Cush then ends up being captured and Johnny tried getting him back which was very interesting to me. After this the war ends and Johnny and Cush both go home together. I enjoyed this book. I would recommend it to someone who would be interested in reading a war historical fiction book. I found the relationship formed between the two characters who belonged to different sides of the war and different races to be very fascinating. The only complaints I have were how the book carried on at the beginning and how it kind of ended randomly where the war ends as Johnny goes to find Cush. I also wish it would have showed a little bit more of the history side of the war instead of just the fictional story but in the end it was an interesting and unsuspecting read. I give it 4 out of 5 stars.

[Jim T · Rating 5 out of 5]

In the book With Every Drop of Blood by James Collier there was a boy named Johnny living in the South. Johnny keeps the farm going while his pa is at war. Johnny goes on a trip to get money but then gets caught by red coats. Johnny believes that slaves are stupid and don't know anything. He becomes friends with a black soldier named Cush who is fighting so he is no longer a slave. Johnny's dad came home from war after three years then died a week after being back which was very hard for Johnny and his siblings. Johnny also teaches Cush to read while they are traveling to a prison to take all the people the red coats captured and to get resources.










Spoilers Ahead











I think the message was a little unclear in the story because I feel like there was never a main point or objective in the story besides it being a point of view. Also, I think this story had a very good plot because it included many good details such as talking about important facts that the books relate back to later in the story. Also i thought the story had a very abrupt ending. I also think that they should add one more main character and have less background characters. Overall, I think that this was a very good book and would definitely recommend it to people who enjoy historical fiction and people who enjoy a very realistic experience and overview of the American Revolution and Civil War. overall I would rate this book a 4.5 out of 5.

[Nikolas Laredo · Rating 5 out of 5]

The book with every drop of blood starts off with the main character Johny living on his tiny farm with his mother and young siblings. A little later in the story Johny's dad comes home from the civil war as a confederate soldier due to a significant injury. Johny's dad dies shortly after because of his wounds but he made Johny yo promise that he wouldn't go into the war. Johny obeyed his promise for several months but he was soon overtaken by the thirst of blood to get back at the Yankees for killing his father. Johny entered team-stering with his mom's cousin but were caught by the US army. Johny himself was caught my a black soldier who later revealed his name as Cush. Cush wanted Johny to teach him how to read and write eventually even convincing his general to not ship Johny off to a prison camp. Later in the story, Cush had been captured by Confederate soldiers and taken to Appomatox. Johny tracked down Cush and never gave up to find his lost friend. Eventually, Johny found Cush beaten and locked in a barn and did everything he could to convince the soldiers to let him go. After several failed attempts, days later Johny found out that the two generals of separate armies would meet to end the war. Johny went straight to Cush's captors and convinced them that it was the end of the war and they let him go, as a free man.

[Ava Mobli · Rating 4 out of 5]

I was assigned in school to read With Every Drop of Blood, at first I thought it was a drag and it was just another Civil War book. I've never been interested in books set during the Civil War or books about battles from the Civil War. This book to me was different, it not only told the story of a boy stepping out of his comfort zone to help his family. But it also sparked and unusual friendship between an African American man and a white man. At the time this was basically forbidden but this was a part of the book that caught my eye because it made me really think about the theme of the book. The theme was not about war or fighting for your rights. It was about the fact that all men being created equal and to not judge people by the color of their skin. It took Johnny until the end of the book to become friends with Cush but that was after he was told never to be friends with African-Americans. If Johnny was raised in a different way in a different environment told that it's okay to be friends with African Americans would it have really taken him to the end of the book to become friends with Cush?Would he have judged Cush so quickly? I think not.

[Dustin Marquart · Rating 4 out of 5]

This book by the two Collier brothers is a masterpiece of what it was like back during the days of the Civil War. They way that they are able to bring the awful ridicule and despair thrown at african americans back in the day is incredible. The research that they would of had to have done and all of the people that they would have had to interview and hear their stories must have been extensive. But it definitely paid off in the end. They created the best Civil War novel that I have ever read. They were able to bring in the conflict between even the younger people of the days of the Civil War. They way that young white men were corrupted into thinking just like their racist and vulgar father and companions was awful. But these two brothers brought it to our attention and made us give even more sympathy to those who suffered in the Civil War. It was a dark time in our nations history. But it was also a time that made us the powerful and beautiful United States of America that we are today. And I am glad that James Lincoln Collier and Christopher Collier were able to commemorate that.

[Jared de Monteiro · Rating 5 out of 5]

This book taught me a lot about the Civil War, and the types of people behind it. It is a book about a Confederate boy named Johnny, and he gets captured by a black union soldier named Cush, and they get to know each other throughout the story. In the story, it taught me a lot about what happened in the Civil War, as well as people's opinions about it such as what was the reason for the war. I love how the story is entertaining, and educational. I also enjoyed seeing the friendship advance between Johnny and Cush. At first, Johnny saw Cush as a person who shouldn't be treated as equal as everyone else. However, later on, Johnny actually gets to know Cush, and becomes friends with him, even saving his life during a battle. My favorite character in the story is Cush. I like how that since he is African American, and a lot of people do not respect him, that doesn't stop him for fighting what he believes in, no matter what people say. I recommend this book for every because it has a great story, and it teaches a lot about the Civil War.

[Connor · Rating 4 out of 5]

The book With Every Drop of Blood by James Lincoln Collier was a very good book in my view. It was adventurous and exciting almost all time. This book takes place back in early 1865, or the ending of the Civil War. The book is about a boy named Johnny who is living in the South. Since it is the time during the Civil War Johnny's Pa is off fighting in the war. Laving Johnny and his Ma to do everything, as well as take care of Johnny's 2 younger sisters. I will leave the rest of the book for you to find out for it gets more exciting. This book shows a lot of friendship, bravery, and trust. I believe that the two most recurring themes for this book is friendship isn't always based on what you believe in, as well as friendship isn't always based on the color of your skin or race. Overall I think this is a good book even though there were some parts that weren't my favorite I still enjoyed the book. That is why I gave this book a 4 out of 5 stars. Plus while reading this you get to learn some of our history from the Civil War.

[David · Rating 5 out of 5]

With Every Drop of Blood takes place during the Civil War, America's bloodiest war. WEDB is about a young Southern Virginia boy named Johnny who becomes friends with a black Union soldier named Cush. at the beginning of the book, Johnny's dad returns home, dying of his wounds and telling Johnny and the rest of his family about his experience in the war. Johnny's father tells Johnny not to fight in the war. later in the book, Johnny decides to go as a teamster to help a supply wagon deliver supplies to a Southern town. Their convoy gets attacked by Union soldiers and Johnny gets captured by Cush. At first, Cush and Johnny didn't get along too well since Johnny was a Southerner and Cush hated the Southerners. Cush asked Johnny to teach him reading, and Johnny tried to trick Cush by telling him wrong information, but found out that Cush was smarter than the rest of the African-Americans. After that, on the trip to City Point, Johnny realized that he and Cush were actually becoming friends. At the end of the book, the Civil War had ended, Johnny and Cush talked about how all men were created equal and agreed to each other. This book is an amazing read and I give it 5 stars, its also recommended for people who like history and friendships.

[Patricia Operacz · Rating 3 out of 5]

I enjoyed this book a lot because it tought be a different perspective about the civil war. It really gave a better and more story-like vision of the battles and life in the olden days. I really liked how Johnny was determined to help his nation all the way. It must have been hard to go through the war as a little kid, especially since he was the "man of the house" after his father passed away. I absolutely love how brave Johnny was. I would never have been able to do what he did. He went on a trip, that had risks, just because he wanted more money for his family to get more food and supplies. I also liked how this book was based on the confederates side. Books are always based on the union or free states, so I enjoyed seeing and reading the book from that perspective. What I learned from this book, is that make sure you always keep your friends and family close.

[Andrew MC · Rating 2 out of 5]

Let me start off by saying that this book was okay. It could have been better. I didn't hate this book for I like the idea of a Southern white boy and A black boy becoming friends during the Civil War as they form this unlikely friendship which is one of the books strongest attributes. But this book lacked character and personality in my book. It felt like a dragging first act that skipped directly to the third act for the last couple of chapters. As far as Civil war books goes, it's probably highly rated but this book didn't do something special in my opinion. If you love this book, that's fantastic to hear and i'm glad you got something out of this book than I did. This wasn't my book and I was really upset that I didn't like this book because I really wanted to like this book. But I couldn't.

[Fedor Alexandrov · Rating 2 out of 5]

In my own opinion, I think this booked lacked realism of the actual Civil War, the characters, Johnny especially, was written to a specific Southern stereotype that I think the brother authors just slapped in there quickly, not paying much to the detail of the actual Civil War. The father of Johnny was also stereotyped as a Southerner fighting because he felt like it. There was no reason for him to go to war and judging by the fact that Pa’s last words were that he wished for Johnny not to fight made me think that the statement was a blatant example of the Collier brothers’ neglect to research the Civil War and craft an actually accurate representation of the War, not how they wrote it. I know that the story was somewhat historically accurate, it was just the fact of the serious lack in the development of characters to further suit the condition and historical accuracy.

[Mamiko · Rating 2 out of 5]

I simply LOVED their Newbury Honor book, My Brother Sam Is Dead, so I was excited to start reading this book. I enjoy the very "manly" (or at least, "young manly") voice that I feel is realistic, and in both books, the protagonist kind of acts on his impulses that would bring on some hardships that they may have been able to avoid if they hadn't allowed their impulses to dictate what they do. I feel this type of narrative is very realistic and relatable. I didn't enjoy this particular book as much as the other one, maybe because the change from enemies to friendship felt sudden and maybe because of my discomfort (though I felt I was being open-minded). Either way, I enjoyed both of these books, as they portrayed regular people's struggles in wars that are often portrayed from the heroes' perspectives.

[Laurie · Rating 4 out of 5]

The book With Every Drop of blood is an overall good book. The setting and characters are interesting and make you want to learn as much as you can about them to understand what they are going through surviving the Civil War. One of the things the book lacks is specific details like smell, sight and hearing of the characters. In a few scenes they do a great job at this and others they just walk into a random area without describing what it looks like. This doesn't change the fact that this book is a very interesting historical fiction about the Civil War that I would recommend to all anybody anywhere who is looking and/or interested in the Civil War, and also not younger than about 10 years old.

[Ava · Rating 4 out of 5]

Overall I thought this book was pretty good. Although it was kinda short, they pact it with many details. What I liked most about this book, was how the author explained things. The way he explained things, made a clear picture in my head of what was happening, and what it looked like. I really liked the moral of the story, and how diverse it was. In the time of this book, most white people disliked colored people. However in this book two strong characters learn that neither one of them is better than another. The two characters learned to get past their differences, and put the future in front of them building a strong friendship between one and other. Overall I thought that this was a very interesting book, and I would recommend this book to anyone looking for a change in books.

[Nathan · Rating 3 out of 5]

Before dying of a wound, Pa extracts from Johnny a promise not to become involved in the Civil War and to care for the farm and family. Within days, Johnny impulsively succumbs to anger and honor, joining a supply train bound for besieged Richmond. In an attack by Union soldiers he is captured, to his deep disgust, by a black soldier, Private Cush Turner. Despite the doubts and prejudices of both, friendship and trust develop and each risks his life for the other. The Colliers examine the lives of ordinary Americans during a national crisis, exploring issues of morality and ethics through the actions, thoughts, and conversations of minor characters playing small parts in the final days of the war.

[Book Dragon · Rating 4 out of 5]

Christopher and James Collier’s “With Every Drop of Blood” is an influential piece of writing.  This book destroys the line between races with a gripping storyline set in the 1860’s.  “With Every Drop of Blood” powerfully demonstrates the unity between people, no matter how different they may be.  Johnny, a white southerner, and Cush, a fugitive slave, form an inseparable bond while in the midst of the Civil War, a time when racist feelings ran high.  This work tells of terrifying scenes of battle, an intriguing geography of war, and beautiful scenes of friendship and courage.  Despite their differences, Cush helps Johnny escape Union capture.  The story depicts the original prejudices the two protagonists have well.  But as it progresses, they learn more about each other and find common ground.  This storyline remains relevant to the present as people have stereotypes about others until they actually meet one of them.

[Alex · Rating 3 out of 5]

This story is about a 14 year old southerner during the civil war. On the first page it says his father will die. His father fought for the Confederates believing that seceding from the nation would give southerners the states rights they wanted. He got wounded at Cedar Creek and comes home. Before he dies he makes Johnny promise to not take up arms against the north. Soon Johnny signs up to bring food to Richmond, the Confederate capital. On the way he gets captured by a black Yankee soldier named Cush Turner who is about his age. Johnny fears he broke his promise. Johnny teaches Cush to read the Gettysburg address, wrong. Eventually they end up at a large battle and have to run off. This book starts quite slow but becomes quicker and more interesting to the end.

[Debbie · Rating 4 out of 5]

This book showed what it was like to be a boy during the Civil War. It also tells a story about the relationship between the main character, a white boy named Johnny, and an African American named Cush. The book shows how you can't judge people based on their appearance. That their is a lot more to someone than just the cover. As Johnny learns that Cush is not like he expected him to be. Also the same with Cush and his view on Johnny. Both boys end up risking their lives for one another which shows how they did feel compassion for each other and felt like they are both the same underneath it all.

[Zach Spiker · Rating 3 out of 5]

I thought the book With Every Drop Of Blood was pretty good. It was definitely one of the better books that i have had to read for school, but it still wasn't great. I gave this book 3 out of 5 because I loved all the suspense and action but it was historical fiction, and I had to read a certain amount of pages in very little time. This book is about a young boy named Johnny who got captured by a union soldier who goes by the name of Cush, they ended up becoming really good friends and fled from the army back to where Cush's mother lives an Johnnys home. Over all if you like these type of books, or books about the civil war i would defiantly recommend it!

[Brady Kulisch · Rating 4 out of 5]

This is a novel from the Civil War era. I think it is a good book that shows what happens to a kid when the Civil war starts. When Johnny's dad comes home from a battle injured, he starts teaching him as many things as he knows. Johnny senses something bad is going to happen. Later on, his dad dies, but his dad tells him to stay home with his family and be the man of the house. But, Johnny feels its his duty to Virginia to join the Confederacy, so he joins. He then gets captured by a black named Private Turner, while in battle. He hates to take orders from a black. But over time, they start to become friends, and go through a remarkable journey.