Paulina Chiziane (born 4 June 1955 in Mozambique) is an author of novels and short stories in the Portuguese language. For some weird reason, parts of her work have been translated into German but not into English, as was the case with Balada do Amor ao Vento (German title: Liebeslied an den Wind).
Chiziane was the first woman in Mozambique to publish a novel. Known writers of Lusophone Africa tend to be descendants of white Portuguese who settled during the eve of colonialism. The father of Angolan literature Pepetela, born in Benguela 1941, fought as a member of MPLA and wrote extensively on Angola’s political history. Mia Couto from Mozambique, the runner up for the Man Booker International Prize this year, is known to have suspended his studies to join the ranks of Frelimo during the liberation struggles, as a journalist for the newspaper “Tribuna” in 1974.
However, we have to ask ourselves the question: What about Black writers? Within popular African literature, Afro-Lusophone voices are largely marginalized and predominantly featured within the genre of poetry, which is perhaps indicative of the violent colonial struggles in Portuguese colonies.
Although, one can also find an abundance of prose fiction writers of African descent, they remain largely unknown and inaccessible to the general public especially outside of Lusophone Africa. Take Abdulai Silá from Guinea-Bissau, whose novel Eterna Paixão was the first to be written and published in Guinea-Bissau. It touched on several socio-economic issues and was critical of Guinea Bissau’s political situation.
A reason why Afro-Lusophone writers remain unknown is that their language remains a major obstacle. Given that English is the lingua franca of this world, it is very difficult for Lusophone writers to achieve global exposure unless their works are translated from Portuguese into English.
Portuguese colonialism also neglected the educational development of its colonies. For decades, education has remained something only reserved for the “assimilados”, thus institutions that could have fostered the growth of Black writers were minimal.
One must also bear in mind the devastating legacy of colonialism, seen through the regimes of post-independence violence across Lusophone Africa. However there is a glimmer of hope as younger generation of writers that have lived through wars and violence, construct their own narratives.
Not only is Paulina Chiziane the first woman in her country to publish a novel, her writing has generated some polemical discussions about social issues, such as the practice of polygamy in the country as her first novel, Balada do Amor ao Vento (1990), discusses polygamy in southern Mozambique during the colonial period.
Related to her active involvement in the politics of Frelimo (Liberation Front of Mozambique), her narrative often reflects the social uneasiness of a country ravaged and divided by the war of liberation and the civil conflicts that followed independence.
Chiziane's writing has often been defined as political and feminist. For her, writing is a mission. It is a way to express the difficulties that women encounter when faced with the heterogeneity of Mozambican cultural traditions and the newly developed legal and administrative systems. Even though Chiziane would’ve loved to write fantasy novels, she instead chose to bear witness to the plight of women in Mozambique. In an interview she said: “There are not many of us who can write. Therefore, if we write, we should perhaps write something useful.”
Chiziane's writing addresses regional differences in cultural and political aspects of gender relations. In her novel Niketche, for instance, she depicts the Mozambican South as dominated by a patriarchal culture, whereas the North is shaped by traditions of matriarchal rule.
Throughout her work, Chiziane's attention has focused on broad social issues related to women's rights and concerns, such as monogamy and polygamy, but also on subjective and intimate relationships between individual men and women. Chiziane has stated that, in accordance with the tradition of her land, she considers herself a storyteller rather than a novelist.
After having published five novels over the course of two decades, she announced that she was retiring from writing in 2016.
But let’s discuss Chiziane’s debut novel further. It deals with the young girl Sarnau who falls in love with Mwando, who actually attends a mission school and wants to become a priest. When Mwando is forced out of his mission school for inappropriate behaviour, Sarnau who is head over heels in love with him starts an intimate relationship with him. But Mwando gradually escapes her and eventually tells her that he is going to marry another woman.
While Sarnau is initially crushed by the rejection, happiness seems to come to Sarnau as well, as she is chosen as the first wife of the heir to the throne, Nguila. She then has to arrange herself in a polygamous extended family with 15 "mothers-in-law".
However, her husband quickly loses interest in her, especially when her pregnancy does not lead to the desired male heir to the throne. In the meantime, Mwando has not found any joy in the marriage with his lazy and bossy wife either. His wife leaves him for another man after spending his already meager family property on objects she desires.
Sarnau, by now no longer the only, but still neglected wife of Nguila, and Mwando, equally rejected by his wife, find each other by chance again. When Sarnau realizes that she is pregnant by Mwando, she still manages to pass the child off as Nguila's, but one of the other women, who is especially jealous of her, tells Nguila of the infidelity of his first wife. Sarnau and Mwando have to flee and they take up a modest life on the coast.
But their peace is then disturbed by Nguila's men who are on the trail of the two and Mwando sets off. He is finally deported to Angola, and only years later returns to Mozambique, again in search of Sarnau.
On the surface level, Liebeslied an den Wind might be seen as a romance novel. But if you look closer you will see how Chiziane mercilessly shows the sobering reality of women in Mozambique. Chiziane often asked herself the question: “Am I writing the ideal or the real?”, and at the end she always chose reality. That’s why she chose that particular bleak ending for Sarnau. This is a love story with a vicious happy end.
At the end of the novel, Sarnau has gone through hell and back. The monogamous relationship between Sarnau and Mwando proved to be no better for her than the love-less polygamous relationship to Nguila. Both men mistreated her and disregarded her well-being and the well-being of their kids. Mwando left Sarnau to her own fate only to show up years later at her doorstep again. When she reluctantly lets him into her life again, the reader wants to scream out of frustration. But of course, Chiziane is right when she says: “In real life, all great women fighting for freedom have ended up like Sarnau – as wives.”
Added to this is the everyday multilingualism of Paulina Chiziane's surroundings. As most Mozambicans, she speaks, thinks and lives in different idioms. At the same time, she thinks and lives in the cultures and values that belong to these idioms: the religion of her grandparents, assimilated Christianity, the religiosity of her father, who, like Mwando in the novel, becomes a Mufundisse, a Christian lay priest in a foreign country, in this case South Africa.
"I think and speak in a European language to reflect my African life,” says Paulina Chiziane. This clash of cultures, whether violent or not, leaves its mark on the reality of people's lives. The colonial Mozambique in which the book is set is already marked by these encounters, clashes, rifts, upheavals, and break-ups, which always refer to something new. Sarnau and Mwando have the option of staying in Mambone and submitting to the dictates of tradition, or to make their way into a very real "new world". They have the choice between polygamy marked by family ties and the European-inspired romantic ideal of eternal love and monogamy, another myth whose dark sides and illusions only reveal themselves later.
Liebeslied an den Wind is only superficially a book about the problem of polygamy. It is also more than just a book about Mozambique, even if Paulina Chiziane does not shy away from incorporating motifs from her immediate surroundings and history into the plot in a way that is easily recognizable. Perhaps for this very reason it is a very authentic book about the relationship between man and woman, about the loss of dreams, about the capitulation of the individual to the burden of traditions, myths and conventions. And here too, the fantastic element merely serves to make the violence of everyday things clearer. Paulina Chiziane has no time for romantic infatuation.