I liked this book because it teaches the basics of capital allocation in an entertaining, if slightly cringe-worthy, way.
It tells the story of Nick, an early 20’s man who is trying to figure out his life. He believes business is a force for evil but is drawn to a finance job by the appeal of a high salary. His boss pressures him to do an MBA while working, and the MBA leads him to hear a talk from Mr. Xavier (“Mr. X”).
Mr. X is a billionaire who has built an empire of hamburger joints called “Cootie Burger”. Mr. X is impressed by Nick and improbably asks him to write a biography of his life, while there is time left, as Mr. X has terminal cancer.
They organize a series of meetings, during which Nick learns from Mr. X the principles of capital allocation. Anyone familiar with Warren Buffet will know that Mr. X is a stand-in for Buffet.
As a novel it’s rough around the edges but succeeds in pulling you along to absorb the business lessons.
Sophisticated investors will unlikely benefit as the lessons only brush the surface of many concepts like zero-based budgeting, the role of markets in allocating resources to their best uses, how to think about acquisitions, real estate, and Return on Invested Capital (“ROIC”).
For someone just getting acquainted with business and finance, however, it’s an excellent primer and a transition to a deeper dive into capital allocation.
For me, the value of the book lies in the analogies and ways of thinking that arise from the conversations between Nick and Mr. X (read: Buffet)
- Mr. X tells the students that he will buy them any car they want, but the catch is that it must be the only car they will ever own. How would you treat such a car? Likely you would drive it sparingly, maintain it meticulously and inject only premium fuel. But the thought experiment is real: we only get one body and it must last our whole lives.
- If you get 1% better at something each day, how much better will be at the end of a year? Answer: 37x better. The magic of compounding!
- When companies set prices close to customer value, they maximize profits but neglect goodwill. Goodwill can be regarded as the excess value customers place on your product compared to its price. “You can store a lot more value in your customers’ minds than on your own balance sheet”. Profits are immediately available energy like glucose and goodwill is like fat reserves that can be tapped for future use.
- On acquisitions: “Deals fail in practice, but they never fail in projections”. You can present the numbers attractively to support any acquisition. You should be highly sceptical of synergies, especially revenue synergies.
- Return on Invested Capital (“ROIC”) is like your weight-lifting form. Just as you shouldn’t add more plates unless you can do so with good form, you shouldn’t invest fresh capital in a project until you have demonstrated a good ROIC (ideally in a small scale, low risk way)
- Profits are a sign that a company has done something good for its customers and for society (an efficient use of capital). Conversely, write-downs, restructurings and layoffs are the outcome of bad capital allocation.
- Like nature, economies are cyclical: “trees don’t grow to the sky in nature or in business”; Reversion to the mean is a truism. Be wary of late-cycle investments.
- The combination of industry overcapacity and a commodity product spell doom. When capacity self corrects, or demand grows the industry enthusiastically invests in new capacity and the cycle repeats
- Follow your own “internal scorecard” vs. abiding by someone else’s. Be useful in your own unique way.
- Success in business enables you to serve your fellow man, often more aptly than you could by joining a social movement or protest
- The secret to good capital allocation is to have a lot of options and pick the best one
- Leave your kids enough that they can do anything, but not so much that they can afford to do nothing