Zakes Mda tells the story of Mpiyezintombi, an accomplished warrior and intimate of the 19th century Zulu king Cetshwayo. Mpi commits a dangerous indiscretion by flirting with a member of Cetshwayo’s harem, which is a capital crime. He flees the Zulu kingdom and makes his way to Cape Town. An impresario, The Great Farini, recruits him to perform Zulu dances and enact scenes from tribal life at exhibitions and in theatres in London, and, when bookings are scarce, busk in the streets. The more frightening, scary and sexual the troupe’s antics, the greater the thrill and titillation for the Victorian audiences. The famous Zulu victory at Isandlwana on 22 January 1879 and the subsequent British heroics at Rorke’s Drift stimulates keen interest in battle re-enactments (provided, of course, that the plucky British eventually prevail). Em-Pee, as he is now known, makes his way to New York to join PT Barnum’s circus. While voyaging in steerage he forms an unlikely bond with an Irish immigrant woman and fathers a son. The relationship soon fails, and she deserts Em-Pee and their son. Acol, a Sudanese captive exhibited in a cage as ‘Dinkie the Dinka princess’, becomes Em-Pee’s muse and obsession. Acol initially rebuffs him, but eventually she allows Em-Pee to penetrate her protective shell and awaken memories of her Africa home. Acol’s owner forces her into sexual slavery; she contracts syphilis and dies. Em-Pee works his way back to Africa as a stoker on a trans-Atlantic liner with his mulatto son, but we are not told what welcome they receive.
I enjoyed Mda’s insights into the clash of Zulu, English and American cultures in 19th century London and New York. Mpiyezintombi is doomed to play the savage. Whites are unable (or refuse) to accept him as human being with similar hopes, fears and aspirations. The black man’s story is one of continuous humiliation. Mda lived in the UK and USA a century later. I wonder if he has ever found himself cast as the primitive African, but hope that the fact that he has made his base in Ohio means that his humanity has been fully recognised and appreciated.
Mda has addressed cultural clashes in different contexts in other novels such as Heart of Redness, which deals with the tension between traditional/modern in South Africa; and Black Diamond, which describes the costs and conflicts of social mobility. Mda’s work gives me perspectives of worlds that I, as a white South African, inhabit, but from standpoints that I cannot easily access.