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Very Short Introductions #063

مقدمة قصيرة عن الثورة الروسية

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This Very Short Introduction provides an analytical narrative of the main events and developments in Soviet Russia between 1917 and 1936. It examines the impact of the revolution on society as a whole--on different classes, ethnic groups, the army, men and women, youth. Its central concern is to understand how one structure of domination was replaced by another. The book registers the primacy of politics, but situates political developments firmly in the context of massive economic, social, and cultural change. Since the fall of Communism there has been much reflection on the significance of the Russian Revolution. The book rejects the currently influential, liberal interpretation of the revolution in favour of one that sees it as rooted in the contradictions of a backward society which sought modernization and enlightenment and ended in political tyranny.

250 pages, Unknown Binding

First published February 21, 2002

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About the author

S.A. Smith

14 books15 followers
Steve (S. A.) Smith is a Senior Research Fellow of All Souls College, Oxford, and a Professor in the History Faculty of Oxford University. He was formerly Professor of Comparative History at the European University Institute, Florence, and Professor of History at the University of Essex. He is a historian of modern Russia and China, who works on the interface of social and political history and, more recently, of comparative Communism. He has published books on Russian history – including the prize-winning Russia in Revolution: An Empire in Crisis (Oxford, 2017) – and two books on Chinese history, plus Revolution and the People in Russia and China: A Comparative History (Cambridge, 2008). He edited the Oxford Handbook of the History of Communism (Oxford, 2014) and was a co-editor of the Cambridge History of Communism (Cambridge, 2017). He is currently working on a comparative study of the efforts of the Soviet state in the 1920s and 1930s and the Chinese state in the 1950s and 1960s to eliminate popular religion. He is a former editor of Past and Present and a Vice-President of the Past and Present Society. He is also a Fellow of the British Academy.

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Displaying 1 - 30 of 78 reviews
Profile Image for Claire.
1,220 reviews314 followers
March 23, 2017
A concise but surprisingly comprehensive history of the 1917 Revolution. Smith covers 1917 itself- and it's political, economic, social and cultural consequences with rigour. My only criticism that it was light on causes, and often introduced concepts and groups that weren't explained or clearly identified until later in the text.
Profile Image for Mostafa.
403 reviews373 followers
February 16, 2019
لا يمكن أن أجحد مجهود كاتب خصيصاً في مجال الأبحاث العلمية والتاريخية ، ولكن المقدمة والتي أعلم بالفعل أنها قصيرة لم أخُدع ، ولكن لم تكن بالقوة التي إنتظرتها .. ولكن أيضاً هي لا تخلو من معلومات هامة وعناوين هامة تكون مجال للقراءة بتوسع فيما بعد عن الثورة الروسية .. تلك المقدمة وفيلم وثائقي عن الثورة الروسية فسوف تعطيك قدر لا بئس بي من المعلومات العامة والعابرة عن الثورة الأهم في القرن العشرين ، والتي غيرت الخريطة في قيامها وسقوطها ولعبت دور كبير جداً في الحرب العالمية الثانية
Profile Image for Alexander Kerensky.
4 reviews
November 22, 2017
I didn't approach Oxford's crash course in Russian history with high expectations, and to be fair it's done about as well as it could be, but that doesn't make it good.

The Russian Revolution was probably the single most important event of the twentieth century. When you think about the things it directly caused, what it inspired, and how rooted in everything that happened afterwards it became, it becomes clear that this is a very serious topic. Had Nicholas II been a little more conciliatory in those early years, had he held his nerve in February, had he and his family escaped their gruesome murder into British exile, as there was a chance they might, or, alternatively, had my namesake been a little firmer in putting down those crackpot Bolshevik upstarts in July and August, or even if the woman who shot Lenin in 1918 had aimed a tad better and hit something vital, we would be living in a very different world today.

There might have still been a Second World War, but it would have been unimaginably different. There probably wouldn't have been Nazis, there might not even have been any other revolutions in China or Vietnam, and there certainly wouldn't have been a Cold War, which so shaped our lives today. This kind of counterfactual speculation is controversial, but then so is the Revolution itself. It was an orgy of chance, causality and human will all obvious on their own, and together they left a continent and 120 million people rocked by disorder, plagued by war and drought, and ultimately drenched in more blood than perhaps any other state in history. The eventual death toll is as disputed as almost all facts about that ghastly prison camp, as is the direct culpability of the Bolsheviks, but few deny it's in the tens of millions.

When we approach the corpus of such a subject, we must bear in mind the controversy. The Russian Revolution is a secret glade concealed behind a thicket of malicious lies. Historians lately have complained about the "tyranny of the archives" neutering their subject, but here archival exploration is an exciting competition to settle old questions and vindicate certain beliefs. The judgement passed on what happened in 1917 is also a judgement on an entire philosophy, a whole way of thinking, as well as the hostile foreign policy of the west for the last 70 years. Interests are involved; tensions run high between the different schools. Exactly what degree of popular support did the Bolsheviks have in October? How did your average worker feel about the war of words going on between intellectuals in the Petrograd Soviet? What the hell was Kornilov thinking? How did it all go so wrong? A century later, and still the debate rages.

The people who sponsor these Very Short Introductions presented S.A. Smith with an unenviable task. He had to tell the story of the Revolution(s?) to people who had never looked into it [them?] before -- in fact they were probably groping for things to read on long flights -- and who might not even be that interested in history, he had to explain its legacy and enduring appeal, he had to walk the reader through the polar-opposed interpretations, and he had to do it all in 160 pages, without even any references.

It isn't that he failed: it's just that what he was being asked to do was silly. It's rather like commissioning Michael Morpurgo to write a children's version of War and Peace -- why?

The Very Short Introductions series runs into criticism for, in the words of another reviewer, dumbing down serious topics. I am more lenient. Personally, I think it's better to breeze through an academic's book, however simplified, than to go completely ignorant, or worse still to absently-mindedly watch an animated 6-minute YouTube video, which is the alternative these days. It's wrong to take an elitist attitude to learning and declare that one must assault the subject with complete commitment or else leave it alone. Not everyone has the time or the disposable income to lounge idly in a library all day with half a rainforest stacked up around their desk.

But some things are just irreducibly complex. Feminism, the Blues, H.I.V. and quantum theory are all titles in the 500-strong Very Short Introductions series, yet one of these things is not like the others. Concepts and events need to be simplified to dangerous degrees -- one can absolutely come away with the wrong impression. In general, events are summarized here far better than in Sheila Fitzpatrick's book, which should absolutely be avoided, but even so there are critical omissions.

The crucial love-hate dyarchy of the Soviets and Provisional Government, for instance, which resembled a couple who violently fall out, maybe even exchange blows, but then refuse to leave each other because they can't survive alone, is worryingly under-mentioned. We get only a brief analysis of where the two came from, a sentence or two about the coalition formed in May, and a couple of dubious lines about how the war bonded them together. The Soviet's refusal to sanction an investigation into the Bolsheviks after the July Days, and its role in ripping my namesake apart from Kornilov, and in convincing Kornilov the government was unfit to rule, go completely unmentioned.

There's disturbing generalizations, too. Smith falls into the classic trap (or does not have the space to properly explain the full story) of portraying Miliukov's April note as a reaffirming of the Provisional government's commitment to fight the war to victory and afterwards claim the Straits as payment, which angered the war-weary population (actually the Soviets got Miliukov to give up the Provisional Government's claim to the Straits, but at the same time as he announced this change of plan he wanted to reaffirm Russia's commitment to fight the war to victory, and the vagueness of the words used in the note was what incited the riots). Smith also asserts that Bloody Sunday destroyed the autocracy's peasant support (not for long), that most socialists wanted a speedy peace (debatable), that the Russian people were sick of fighting and wanted it to end (they were sick of losing and starving, but anti-German discrimination and patriotism both remained strong until the failed summer offensive, whereupon the army totally disintegrated), and that ultimately the Bolsheviks had little choice about war communism and can't be blamed for the massive loss of life that ensued (still extremely contentious).

He's more sympathetic to the Bolsheviks than I would be, too, but that is the attitude of most historians today and he hardly worships them, so I'm not fuming about the odd excuse for this famine or that butcher's fair. What I do think is egregious is the omission of German support for Lenin and his cabal, both in transport back to Russia and subsequently financial. The bald fanatic was arguably the best investment the Kaiser ever made, and I think it's an important nugget of history that shouldn't be forgotten. I mean, Smith had the space to rattle on about every single autonomous bit of territory in the Russian Empire during the civil war (except Makhnovia, which was the only interesting one), but not this? Come on!

In the final analysis, what we have here is about as good as it could be under the requirements. I don't want to be too harsh. But pay close attention to the title, because it's no more than that.
Profile Image for Amanda.
105 reviews
March 4, 2010
For a short introduction, this book was incredibly boring. I am sorry Mr. Smith, did you intend to make me interested in this topic?
Profile Image for Daniel Wright.
624 reviews90 followers
November 3, 2015
I studied the Russian Revolution for GCSE history. It's a mark of how superficially you learn things at that age that I still learned a lot from this VSI.

Chapter 1: From February to October
Chapter 2: Civil war and the foundation of the Bolshevik regime
Chapter 3: War communism
Chapter 4: NEP: politics and the economy
Chapter 5: NEP: society and culture
Profile Image for Illiterate.
2,780 reviews56 followers
July 19, 2023
Solid. Somewhat favors social topics and explanations.
Profile Image for عاطف عثمان.
Author 18 books221 followers
August 17, 2012
هو الكتاب الأول الذي أقرأه في سلسلة أكسفورد شديدة الإيجاز. أذكر أول مرة صادفت هذه السلسلة منذ سنوات قلت في نفسي "يبدوا أن الدقة اقتضت وصف السلسلة بأنها شديدة الإيجاز، لا موجزة فقط." وبعد الانتهاء من قراءة الكتاب يمكنني أن أقول أن الكتاب التزم بما وعد عنوان السلسلة: جاء شديد الإيجاز بطريقة تُغري بمزيد من البحث خلال القراءة (وقد فعلتُ مستمتعًا)، وهو مشجع لمزيد من التعمق في الموضوع بعد ذلك (يا مسهّل!).

ولأن الكتاب "مقدمة شديدة الإيجاز" فهو مناسب تماما للقارئ الذي يقارب الثورة البلشفية للمرة الأولى، وهو محدد بفترة زمنية تبدأ من اندلاع الثورة في 1917 حتى إدخال سياسة "التصنيع المتعجل" و "التجميع القسري للمحاصيل" في 1929 أثناء حكم جوزيف ستالين.

الكتاب يقدم سردًا تحليليًا لأحداث تلك الفترة، تتخلله عروض لوثائق (مراسلات بريدية لجنود أو مسئولين أو أشخاص من عامة الشعب الخ) تلقي مزيدًا من الضوء على ردود الأفعال والآراء خلال تلك الحقبة.

أفضل شيء في الكتاب – كما أعتقد – تميزه بكثرة الجمل الاستدراكية، مما يعني أن القارئ سيقرأ تحليلاً أظن أنه بعيد عن الاختزال والتبسيط المخلّ.

خطر ببالي أثناء قراءة الكتاب ونحن في العام الثاني لثورة يناير، أنني أدرك بقدر معقول الآن كيف يكون شعور المواطنين وكيف تتشكل نظرتهم للحياة بينما يرون "ثورتهم" تتشكل وتتحول أمام أعينهم كما لو كانت طفلا.

Profile Image for Francesco.
12 reviews
August 7, 2020
As many other books in the Oxford series, this introduction can be useful for someone new to this subject but it lacks deeper substance and analysis.
Be careful about the clear political slant against the revolutionary spirit that permeated those years. Is the author afraid it could happen here soon?
Profile Image for James Webster.
126 reviews2 followers
January 8, 2012
Quite a good introduction. Fair balance between chronological narrative and analysis.
Profile Image for James J.
30 reviews1 follower
February 26, 2025
I must confess that my knowledge of the Russian Revolution prior to reading this book was woeful. I honestly thought it was almost as 'simple' as Bolsheviks felt empowered, killed the Tsar and his family, then set about laying the groundwork for Stalin. I didn't even know there was a civil war after the revolution - I just assumed it all worked out. Ignorance is bliss...

However, this very short introduction has greatly enlightened me.

I was expecting it to describe the main fights/battles of the revolution, but the book focuses on the actual social, economic, and political factors before, during, and after. Having a brief look through other reviews, it appears some didn't like this. On the contrary, I thought it utterly fascinating. Fundamentally, a revolution isn't just a big fight - it is fuelled by circumstance.

In general, I thought it was well-written. Matter-of-fact in style, or perhaps more accurately put, it's academic. At times it felt a bit jumpy across years (when trying to refer to how X affected Y but changed with Z etc) which, as a novice to the Russian Revolution, was at times hard to follow. I have not encountered the "A Very Short Introduction" series before, and now intend to read others in the series.

My brief understanding from what I have learned so far can be summarised from a sentence on page 164:

The revolution, however, always meant different things to different people and different things to the same people at different times.

I believe this has offered me a strong introduction to the Russian Revolution, whilst making it clear that it cannot be covered in a short book. I look forward to learning more.
Profile Image for Riley (runtobooks).
Author 1 book54 followers
May 2, 2020
i really enjoyed this! was such a nice refresher and overview of a part of history i haven’t touched at all since my early days of undergrad. i feel much better situated to start my buddy read of ‘doctor zhivago’ with maddie next week!
Profile Image for Haider Sleem.
66 reviews3 followers
February 16, 2021
الكتاب جيد إلى حد ما
على الرغم إنه ماوضحش الأسباب إل بسببها قامت الثوره
إلا إنه سلط الضوء على الأحوال السياسية و الإقتصاديه والإجتماعيه أثناء وبعد الثوره
كمان على الرغم إنه سلط الضوء على الحرب الأهليه والصراعات السياسية بعد الثوره إلا إنه ما سلطش الضوء على الحرب العالميه الأولى إل أحداث الثوره كانت متزامنه معاها
في المجمل الكتاب كويس لكن الإسلوب أكاديمي ومش سهل إلى حد ما
Profile Image for Stefan.
165 reviews111 followers
January 30, 2025
A lot of detail, which is useful. However, quite dry, sometimes drifted away while reading it.
Profile Image for Hosam Diab.
Author 1 book81 followers
February 5, 2019
هذا هو الكتاب الخامس الذي أقرأه هذا العام. توقعت أنني أول من سيكتب ريفيو بالعربية عن هذا الكتاب، لكني وجدت ريفيو قديمًا جدًا عن الكتاب بقلم المترجم عاطف عثمان، كتبه في إبريل ٢٠١٢ عن النسخة الإنجليزية. من المثير لي شخصيا أن أرى كيف بدأ مشروع الترجمة في ذهن المترجم حتى اكتماله وتحوله لاحقا بعد سبع سنوات. أظن أن الترجمة قديمة نسبيا، لأن رقم الإيداع بالعربية يحمل عام ٢٠١٣، لكن من الواضح أن الشروق قررت تأجيل نشره مع كتاب الثورة الفرنسية، لأن طبيعة المجال العام لم تكن تسمح بنشر مثل هذه الكتب آنذاك

الكتاب لن يعجب البلاشفة والماركسيين ودوائر اليسار عموما، لأنه متمسك بالرؤية الليبرالية التقليدية التي ترى أكتوبر ١٩١٧ انقلابا على الديمقراطية، وترى لينين ديكتاتورا قرر الاستحواذ على السلطة رغما عن إرادة الشعب، بل رغما عن إرادة حزبه خاصة. وحتى بعد أكتوبر، تم عمل انتخابات للجمعية التأسيسية، وفاز فيها الثوريون الإشتراكيون ب ١٩.١ مليون صوت من أصل ٤٨.٤ مليون صوت، أما البلاشفة فحصلوا على ١٠.٩ مليون صوت. تم افتتاح أعمال الجمعية في الخامس من يناير ١٩١٨، وبعد أن واجه البلاشفة مقاومة من الثوريون الاشتراكيين، ألغوا الجمعية برمتها بعد جلسة واحدة فقط. يقول الكاتب

"بإغلاقهم الجمعية التأسيسية، أرسل البلاشفة رسالة مفادها أنهم مستعدون لشن حرب دفاعا عن نظامهم، لا ضد الطبقات المستغِلة وحدها (البرجوازية)، بل ضد المعسكر الاشتراكي بأكمله. لقد أفضى حل الجمعية بفرص الديمقراطية في روسيا إلى مصير تعس لمدة سبعين عاما مقبلة، ولذا يتحمل البلاشفة النصيب الأكبر من اللوم"

وحتى داخل اللجنة المركزية للحزب البلشفي، وبعد مطالبات بإصلاحات ديمقراطية، رد عليهم لينين قائلا: "إن الذيمقراطية الاشتراكية السوفياتية ليست متعارضة مع إدارة الشخص الواحد أو الديكتاتورية. يمكن للديكتاتور أحيانا أن يعبر عن إرادة طبقة". الحقيقة أن الكاتب لم يكن متعاطفا أبدا مع لينين

أيضا اهتم الكاتب بإبراز تناقضات لينين، فمثلا في كتابه الدولة والثورة قال لينين إن بإمكان أي عامل أن يتولى رئاسة الدولة، وأكد على هذا الكلام في مجادلاته مع معارضيه في أكتوبر ١٩١٧، لكنه في عام ١٩٢٠ قال العكس تماما: "هل يعرف أي عامل حقا كيف يدير دولة؟ الناس العمليون يعلمون أن هذه قصة خرافية". ه

لماذا نشأت الديكتاتورية؟ هل بسبب الأيدولوجيا الخاصة بالحزب أم بسبب الحرب الأهلية التي أعقبت أكتوبر ١٩١٧؟ يجادل الكاتب بأن السبب الثاني هو الأقرب للصواب: "لقد تغيرت ثقافة الحزب بشكل عميق بسبب الحرب الأهلية، وزاد مناخ العنف المتغلغل في المجتمع والدمار والعداوة الشعبية الدائمة كانعكاس للديكتاتورية الوحشية. لطالما كانت أفكار البلاشفة وتوجهاتهم هي القسوة والاستبداد وكراهية الطبقة، لكن في سياق الحرب الأهلية، تحولت هذه السمات تحولا كاملا إلى قسوة وتعصب وغياب للتسامح مع أولئك الذين يفكرون بطريقة مختلفة. لقد ربّى احتلال القوى الأجنبية وفشل الثورة في الانتشار عبر أوروبا ذهنية التطويق وكذلك هوسا بالأعداء".ه

ومع ذلك فالكاتب في نهاية الكتاب يدعو القراء إلى التفكر في الغايات التي حاول البلاشفة إقامتها: "لن نتمكن من فهم الثورة الروسية إلاإذا أدركنا أن البلاشفة كانوا مدفوعين بصورة أساسية بالغضب ضد الاستغلال الكامن في قلب الرأسمالية.. إن الفظائع الشنيعة التي نتجت عن الثورة، وبلغت أوجها في الستالينية، ينبغي ألا تخفي عن أعيننا حقيقة أن ملايين رحبوا بالثورة باعتبارها تباشر عدل وحرية". يواصل قائلا: "إننا نحيا في عالم صار من الصعب فيه أن نفكر بطريقة نقدية بشأن المبادئ التي تأسس عليها المجتمع. كل شيء يتآمر ليجعلنا نرضخ لهذا العالم كما هو، ليوهن الاعتقاد بأنه يمكن أن يعاد تنظيمه على خطوط أكثر عدلا ومساواة. ومع ذلك فهذا هو بالتحديد ما اضطلع البلاشفة بتحقيقه".ه

من العيوب التي ساءتني في الكتاب هو الانشغال بمآلات الثورة والستالينية أكثر من الجذور والأسباب التي أدت للثورة. يبدأ الكتاب مباشرة بفبراير ١٩١٧، دون أن تمهيد لائق للأحداث السابقة التي أدت للثورة. كذلك فإن استنتاجات الكاتب أحيانا تأتي عبر القفز حول الحقائق واستخدام التلاعب في المنطق دون تبرير واضح، مثلا يقول: "ولقد تسببت الحرب والثورة في إصابة مستوى الصحة بتردٍ مستفحل، وتجلى هذا التردي في حقيقة أن متوسط طول الذكور المجندين قد انخفض من ١.٦٩ متر عام ١٩٠٨ إلى ١.٦٦ متر في العام ١٩٢٤". يا سلام! أنا أعرف أن تردي الصحة يقاس بالمجاعات أو بالأوبئة أو عدد مراكز العناية الصحية، لكن بانخفاض متوسط الطول ٤ سنتيمتر؟ هذا أمر عجيب

على كل حال، أنصح القراء بأن يقرأوا بعد هذا الكتاب مباشرة، كتاب "مآزق لينين"، لأن الكاتب اليساري طارق علي المتعاطف مع لينين، ربما يقدم صورة بديلة، ما يمنح القارئ اتزانا وهو يراجع المحطات الخطيرة للثورة الروسية

Profile Image for Mats.
4 reviews2 followers
February 17, 2021
The Russian Revolution is by all standards one of the most significant events of the twentieth century. Steve Smith's The Russian Revolution: A Very Short Introduction offers a brief overview of the historical events that took place in 1917 and shaped the decades that followed—from the overthrow of the tsarist empire and the establishment of the dual power system in February-March 1917 to the deposition of the Provisional Government in October 1917 and the resulting civil war that brought the Bolshevik regime to power. However, what makes Smith's narrative so particularly interesting is not so much that he manages to capture the complex historical facts so clearly and concisely as the fact that, in the process, he manages to give insight into how different groups and ordinary individuals experienced the Russian Revolution in their own way.

Nowadays, with the cruelties of Stalinism in the back of one's mind, it can be hard to imagine the sincere hope for a better life that the Russian Revolution invoked in so many. Smith is very well aware of this and throughout this book he reflects on the question how these two different images of communism – one offering hope and equality and the other dealing in fear and oppression – can be reconciled. The essence of his answer seems to be that we should not view Bolshevism as a monolithic and unchanging entity. We are wont to view the Bolsheviks’ ideology as the determining factor that laid out their course of action in these early years of Soviet rule, while in reality the Bolsheviks’ actions were also based simply on improvisation and pragmatism: Bolshevik idealism, at every moment, interacted with structural and circumstantial pressures. What is more, the meaning of communist ideology changed vastly over time, was interpreted differently by different political factions and social groups and was even a matter of contention among Bolshevik party leaders themselves. We all know how the history of Soviet communism ended, but – this is one of the key messages I took from Smith – that does not mean that there were no alternative courses of action. Lenin already strongly relied on the use of force and showed considerable ruthlessness and intolerance toward those opposed to the Bolshevik ideals, and yet the assumption that communist ideology inexorably leads to repression at a scale seen under Stalin's rule is radically simplistic.

All-in all, Smith's book captures the complexities of the Russian Revolution remarkably well considering its brevity. Throughout the study, different levels of analysis are interwoven: Smith examines a) the historical facts of the Russian Revolution, b) how these historical events were experienced by contemporaries, and c) the significance these events hold for us today. The one note I would make is that, although Smith mentions the perspectives and interests of other groups (Whites, peasants, the Bourgois, etc.), he still mainly focuses on the narrative of the dominant group, i.e. the Bolsheviks. In the end, however, this book provides exactly what it says in the title: a Very Short Introduction. If you are interested in learning more about the Russian Revolution and the historical debates surrounding it or, like me, want to refresh your knowledge about this topic, this is the perfect starting point.
Profile Image for Theodore.
22 reviews4 followers
April 18, 2011
The Russian Revolution: A Very Short Introduction is a very intelligent, heady read. At times it was difficult to follow due to the author narrating multiple events that were happening in parallel. That said, I'm certain anything you needed to know about the formation of Soviet Russia, from Lenin to the Checka, to the use of terrorism as policy by the Bolsheviks, you'll find it.

What I learned while reading: Communism is Socialism with guns, and neither is good for a civil society.

Profile Image for Emy.
432 reviews162 followers
June 24, 2011
Written by my old tutor at Essex in a clear and accessible style. I loved his lectures and this book carries a lot of the passion he gives in real life.
Profile Image for Mark.
140 reviews4 followers
November 6, 2011
Not bad. Although those who seek to their save money should instead buy Sheila Fitzpatrick's introduction on the topic, as it is just as readable and less brief.
Profile Image for Mehmet Koç.
Author 27 books90 followers
October 14, 2018
Komünist İhtilalin 1917-1929 döneminin temel siyasi, askeri, ekonomik ve toplumsal gerçeklerine ve Lenin'den Stalin'e geçişe ilişkin özet ama kıymetli bir değerlendirme...
Profile Image for Badr A. Fitzgerald.
10 reviews55 followers
August 19, 2020
من المفترض أن يكون هذا الكتاب البسيط والموضوعيّ القيّمِ والحياديّ الخالي من أي جوانبَ ذاتية أو مشخصنِة أن تكونَ منهجاً أساسياً في مادة التاريخ في مُجتمعاتنا الذين لا يفقهونَ عن التاريخِ سوى أسرة بلادهم الحاكمةِ . إذّ لابُد للمتجمعِ أن يفقهوا عن الثورةِ الروسية خصيصاً كأحدِ أهم أعمدة مفاهيم الثوراتِ الحديثة وأهم عاملٍ في صناعةِ القرنِ العشرين .. إن هذا الكتابَ الثمينَ يختصر لنا مفهومَ الثورة الروسيةِ من منظورٍ محايَد وبشكل مُبسط وسلسٌ ومرتباً لغوياً وفصاحةٍ حادة لا تشوّبها أيةُ مُصطلحات مُعقدة أو كلماتٍ ملويةٍ مبتذلة وهذهِ النقطة يُشكر عليها السيّد المتَرجِم.

الثورة الروسيةِ أو البلشفيةِ الحديث الذي لا ينتهي ولا يُمّل منه حتى بعد مرور ثلاثين عاماً على تفكّك الإتحادِ السوفييتي وكل عاٍم تبدع الأعمال الوثائقية والسينمائية في التوغّل والتعمّق والتوسّع داخل مفهومِ الثورة بأسسها والحياة إبّانها بصورة مرئية, فحتى المارشاتِ والجوقاتِ العسكرية السوفيتية النادرة أثناء الثورة بدأت تخرج للعلن على صفحة اليوتيوب العام الماضي والحالي. إنها أحدِ أهمِ مُحركاتِ القرن العشرين وأحد أهم عواملِ التغيير الجذري من تبعاتِ العصر الفيكتوري نحوَ حداثةِ الصناعة.. بجوانبها الإيجابيةِ والسلبية وتأثيرها على إعمارِ دولة ضخمة بمختلفِ الأعراقِ واللغاتِ , وتوغّلها العميقَ في إعادة هيكلةِ الحياةِ اليوميةِ والإجتماعية والفِكرية للمجتمع الروسي والشرقِ عموماً .. قرأت ذات مرة مقال باللغة الروسية مترجمة بالعربية الركيكةِ ذُكِر فيها أن لينين خطط ذات مرة
يظهر الدرجة التي بلغت مراحل التغيير- أن يلغي القوميةِ السلافية وأن تمحى مصطلح واللفظ "الروسية" من المعاجم ليستبدلها "بالسوفييتي" فقط. الثورةُ الروسية لم تكن مجرّد تغيير سياسي أو سيسيولوجي على البقعة الروسية وحسب بل أرى أنه تغيير جذريّ إيديولوجيّ لرسمِ العالمِ بأسره وترددت صداها لتغيير وجه العالم إلى الأبدِ ..

تناولَ هذا الكتاب مقدمةِ مختصرة عن الأوضاع في روسيا ماقبلَ الثورة, والمجرياتِ أثناء الثورةِ ومابعدَ الثورةِ وأن حجمَ التغييراتِ على صيغةِ المدّ والجزر التي أجرتها مجالسَ السوفييت على المدى البعيدِ يكشفَ حجم ضعِف بنية المجتمع الروسي والكم المخيف من الفوضى والإهمالِ التي خلّفتها أسرةُ رومانوف الحاكمةِ طوال هيمنتهمِ, وكيفَ أن ساحةُ الفضوى "روسيا" الرجعيةِ والمحطمةِ معنوياً تلك أصبحت وجبةً دسمة لحزبٍ متنوّر ذو فلسفة وفِكر جديد كلياً أحدثت بها تغييراتٍ جذرية لم يسبق لها مثيل في القرنِ العشرين.. أقرّ بأن الإتحادِ السُوفييتي دولةً كما جميعَ دولُ العالمِ .. لم تكن طوباوية ومثاليةً أفلاطونية , ولم تطبّق الإيديولوجيةِ الشيوعيةِ على أكملِ وجهِ كما المنصوصِ في البيانِ وهي حال كل المنظوماتِ الفكريِة والعقائدية التي تطمع في إنتهازِ فرصة وضع يدها على الكرسي .. وتشوبها السلبيات والنزاعاتِ الداخليةِ كما بها إيجابيات أيضاً , ولديها جوانبَ مظلمةِ بقدرِ جانبها المُضيء.. فمع لجوءِ مجلسَ السوفيات للعنف بسبب المجرياتِ الغير متوقعة مثل تمرد كروشنتات والحرب الأهليةِ والثورة المضادة قم عدم فعالية الجمهور مع الوضع الجديد تغيّرت مفهومَ الثورةِ إلى الأبد حتى تشرّبت الطغيان لتتحول إلى إيديولجيةً شموليةً أستعملت القبضة الحديديةِ لإنشاء مجتمع لا يُقهر .. وإن أعتبرنا دولة السوفييت دولة شريرة فلأجلِ أن تكون الميزان عادلاً فذلك لا يعني بتاتاً تفوق دولِ الرأسماليةِ وإن كان للسوفييتِ شموليةً فإن للرأسماليةِ شمولية تخصّ بها بمفاهيمَ أخرى, وأن لها سلبيات لا تقل درجة عن سلبياتِ شمولية السوفييت, لا توجد دولة بمعيارِ الأفلاطونيةِ "المدينة الفاضلة" ولا توجدُ حريةٌ مجنحة تجعل المرء يحلّق بعيداً كما يتأملوها العالم .. الجميع شموليين بشكلٍ أو أخرى أوتوقراطيين كانوا أم ديموقراطيين أو حتى لاهوتيين ..

لا أشيّد جرائم التشيكا ولا حملات التطهير الستالينيةِ ولا التغييرات المفاجئة على تعاليمَ الثورةِ ولا الرقابةِ والمحظوراتِ المُفرطة على الشعبِ ولكنني أقول بكل أمانةِ أن تلك المسرحيات الدموية والترويعية كان لابد من حدوثها لإعادةِ إعمار الدولةِ والمجتمع من الصفر وهذه بالمرّة ليست مهمةً سهلة على دولة تبلغ حجم قارة, ولندع العواطف جانباً فإن القاداتِ لن يبنوا دولاً بالورودِ والأحضانِ والبسماتِ, فحتى الحكومات الدينية التي يراها الناس دولاً مثاليةٍ كانت عند تنصيب أسسها تستعين بالترهيب والويلاتِ وحتى القتل لكل من يخالفَ تعاليمها أو الشخصية الدينية الحاكمةِ .. لولا كل هذهِ سيناريوهات الرعب أراهن أنه لن تدومَ همينة الحزب لسنواتٍ معدودة أقامت مجلس السوفييت دولةٌ بمثلِ قوة الإتحاد السوفييتي إيديولجياً وإجتماعياً , فدولة بحجمِ قارة متعددةِ الأعراق, سكانها متمسكين بالتقاليدِ والدينِ من جذورها, وأعتادوا على روتين حياةٍ مكررة منذ زمنِ بطرس الكبير بجانب الطبقية المستعصية, لن يُسهل عليهم تقبّل حكومةٍ جديدة كلياً ذات طابعٍ متحضّر يمحو كل تبعاتِ العصور الماضية وتمحو كل ما تمسّك به أبائهم وأجدادهم من فِكر ومعتقدٍ وروتين ومسلك حياة.
Profile Image for Bob Mobley.
127 reviews10 followers
October 26, 2019
The Russian Revolution, written by Steve Smith, is a remarkably focused and concise examination of the convoluted twists and turns that became the launching pad for the Bolsheviks as they sought to change Russian history and its culture. The book is a very good starting point for individuals who would like to pursue in greater depth the various components and complex forces that were at work during and after the Russian Revolution, leading up to the establishment of control of the country and the “Party” by Stalin. There were so many different forces at work during the Russian Revolution that it takes a concise overview to be able to set up a template, allowing an interested reader to successfully navigate all of the complexities that are part of the Revolution’s history. I recommend Steve Smith’s book as a superb starting point and doorway into this challenging and monumental event that changed the 20th century and is still at work with its influences on the 21st century.

The Bolshevik Revolution brought with it calamity on a scale commensurate with the transformation in the human condition that it sought to achieve. It is easier for us today to appreciate the challenges and perceptions under which the leaders of the Bolshevik Revolution were laboring to achieve their goals. In many ways, the Russian Revolution is one of the great legacies of unintended consequences that came out of the First World War, that changed the map of Europe, as well as the Middle East. These legacies of change are still at work and it is probably a fair assessment to say that the Russian Revolution’s impacts have not yet come to a conclusion.

There will be elements of the Russian Revolution that will continue to inspire numerous leaders and populations that are seeking self-expression and independence in emerging parts of the world. This will be in spite of the fact that the excesses of the Russian Revolution continue to wave the “red flag” of warning to those who seek to change societies in a cosmic manner, and end up with completely unintended consequences.
Profile Image for M. Ashraf.
2,399 reviews132 followers
May 31, 2019
This summarize the book
"The story we have traced has been in part one about how possibilities opened up in 1917 were steadily closed off. As early as January 1918, key components of the 1917 revolution - power to the soviets, workers' control of production, the abolition of a standing army - were jettisoned. By 1921 the Bolsheviks no longer saw the working class as the agent of revolution, but the party-state and the Red Army. ... It was structural more than it was ideological."

"It seems safe to conclude that there will be elements in the Russian Revolution that continue to inspire, even as there are many that will stand as a dreadful warning."

A very good VSI
Really like the introduction and the conclusion, The Chapters:
Chapter 1: From February to October
Chapter 2: Civil war and the foundation of the Bolshevik regime
Chapter 3: War communism
Chapter 4: NEP: politics and the economy
Chapter 5: NEP: society and culture
Were O.K but not that great!
A very good book nonetheless!


Revolution gave rise to a short-lived mood of national unity and optimism. Liberty and democracy were the order of the day. Overnight everyone was transformed from a subject into a citizen, all agreeing that they must organize in order to realize their freedom.

In 1917 Lenin spent valuable time developing Marx's notion of withering away of the state. By 1918 Lenin's "State and Revolution" was an irrelevance. Within months, Lenin had come to see the massive strengthening of the state the sole guarantee of advance towards socialism.
102 reviews1 follower
May 6, 2025
Whenever you read a book about the USSR, you always get weird commies in the reviews writing about how the author is trying to give us false consciousness or smth by discrediting the revolution.

Anyway, I find this book pretty even handed. It does treat the Russian Revolution as bad and the Bolsheviks as brutal, but as the book explains in perhaps too scant detail, so was the First World War, so was the White Terror. History is written by the victors is a lie in the modern age, history is used to judge the victors. Who knows what the Whites would have done if they had won?

A strange thing about this book though is that the Russian Revolution doesn't feature as much as you would expect. Rather than ending with Lenin's death, the book goes on until the First Five Year Plan. Whilst this means we get some interesting analysis of the NEP, this can get very dry. I would have preferred more detail on the causes of the Revolution, more detail on the figures and their beliefs. There were aspects skipped over, or under explained, in order to have two chapters on the NEP, which I am not sure was needed.

The book is at its best in its conclusion. Written so shortly after the end of the Cold War, we get some wishy washy stuff on that. I wish the book had taken a stronger line against the obviously poor interpretations of the Revolution that want to just add a couple of zeroes to the Black Book of communism. I understand as a conclusion it builds on themes already explored, but to be honest does a good job at explaining the whole book without some of the tedium that comes from statistical analysis of letters by peasants.
Profile Image for Douglas.
449 reviews5 followers
April 2, 2019
Listened to the audiobook. Covers the late 1900s to the mid-late 1920s, the late Czarist period through the Red-White civil wars and the revolution, the formation of soviets, the NEP, Lenin's death, up to Stalin's takeover. Confines itself to internal politics, the various strains of left-oriented revolution in the air at the time, and the ways different factions and personalities appeared, fought, and were subsumed or silenced. Also included are the ways in which the revolutionary identity evolved over time. It is definitely not a history of the societal structures and conditions that gave rise to the revolution, nor a detailed contemporary history, nor does it attempt any sort of international perspective. Fitting for a Very Short Introduction, and I see S. A. Smith has written a longer history of the same so perhaps I'll try that next.

The whole-nother-level horrors of Stalinism are not included, but it mentions his talent, rise, and successful efforts to get loyal allies in place throughout the Soviet Union.

The book appeared 11 years after the fall of the Soviet Union, so it has some contribution of formerly suppressed primary source material, most obviously excerpts from many letters sent to newspapers, soviets, etc. from various far-flung areas of the Soviet Union.
Profile Image for mohab samir.
446 reviews405 followers
August 24, 2022
يعد تاريخ الثورة الروسية أحد أكثر العناوين إثارة لدارس التاريخ أو للقارئ العادى على حد السواء .
وقد جاء هذا الكتاب المختصر وافياً إلى حد كبير لا لمجرد سرد احداث الثورة على مدى عقد - انتهى بتولى ستالين السلطة المطلقة فى الاتحاد السوفيتى - وحسب بل كدراسة فلسفية تاريخية لتطور هذه الأحداث .
ولا يستقر الكاتب على الرأى الذى مفاده أن الفكرة الماركسية كانت تحمل بين طياتها مسار تطورها الى الفكرة البلشفية واللينينية للشيوعية . بل اعتمد على الرؤية الواقعية التى تمزج هذه المثالية التاريخية بالنظرة المادية له والتى تنفى أثر الفكر الماركسى فى تطور أحداث الثورة الروسية وتنسبه كلية الى الواقع الذى أدى الى هذه الثورة ونشأت فيه .
وكانت بالتالى النظرية المستخلصة الأهم لدى الكاتب عن الثورة الروسية فى صيرورتها هى أن الفكر الماركسى يمكن أن يتمخض عنه أشكال عدة من الشيوعية الثورية والفوضوية او شيوعية الدولة او ديكتاتورية العمال او الحزب او حتى الاتوقراطية الستالينية ..... الا ان ظروف الحرب العالمية الأولى أولا ثم الحروب الأهلية التى تجابهت فيها تلك الاتجاهات وغيرها ، بالاضافة الى الشخصيات التى برزت على الساحة وما اتخذته من قرارات هى التى قادت الثورة الى نهايتها وجعلت النجاة من غرق محتوم هو الاولوية التى سيليها البحث عن الاستقرار والوحدة الداخلية ولو شكليا بأى ثمن بعد أحلام الحرية الثورية وحتى يمكن تأهيل الجيش الأحمر لخوض الحروب الخارجية
وقد صار فى صدارة المجتمع بدلا من العمال وحظى بامتيازات شبه ارستقراطية بعد ثورة من أجل المساواة .
Profile Image for Googoogjoob.
338 reviews5 followers
September 19, 2022
Maybe tricky to rate; 4/5 relative to what it sets out to do (to be, as the title says, a Very Short Introduction), but it really doesn't go much further than that.

On the positive side, Smith opts to cover the history of the Revolution up to the late 1920s, discussing political, economic, and cultural developments in the wake of 1917- which is vital to understanding how the idealism and energy of the February and October Revolutions ended up morphing into the hidebound cynicism of Stalin's 1930s. On the negative side, given the brevity of the book, this means that the narrative elements- especially the retellings of the events of 1917 and the Civil War- are telescoped pretty drastically, with many important details elided.

Smith avoids either hagiography or red-baiting. He analyzes the Revolution and its aftermath from the perspective that the Bolsheviks were driven as much by improvisation and pragmatism as by ideology; that they made, and were culpable for, many reprehensible decisions, but that circumstances made it difficult for them to choose differently; broadly, that Stalinism would not have been possible without Leninism, but that Stalinism was not the inevitable outcome of Leninism. All very respectable and academic.

So, then, a very good introductory text, but necessarily a gateway to bigger and better works.
Profile Image for Declan Waters.
552 reviews4 followers
July 17, 2021
Fitting the entire Russian Revolution into 170 pages is an achievement of itself and one that the author should be congratulated for attempting. And more than that, I would call this book a success in this aim. There are times with Smith does use terms without explanation which left me scratching my head and reaching for Wikipedia or a dictionary, but in the main the terms and topics are explained well and then expanded on.

This book deals with the October Revolution, but also the lead-up to it and the impact of it up to the death of Lenin (although there are little comments and hints about the reign of Stalin). It shows how 1917 was a pivotal year in Russian history, and the impact that the revolution had on all people... and that as an unplanned revolution there were significant changes to aims, ideology and methods throughout the period.

Not much is said about the Civil War - apart from the fact it occurred and had a large influence - and so I was glad to have read a few books on this before so I could understand more of the background and initial outcomes of the Revolution, but the book still succeeds in it's aim to give a 'broad brush stroke' [my words] to the Revolution and an introduction to those unfamiliar with it.
Profile Image for Khalid Alkatheeri.
124 reviews23 followers
September 5, 2023
مقدمة عن الثورة الروسية


كتاب جميل يشرح لك بسرعة سبب سقوط الإمبراطورية الروسية،
ومن ثم يشرح لك في فصل واحد الحكومة المؤقته التي تم تكوينها وحكم كيرنسكي.

ثم يشرح تكوين المجالس السوفياتية والتوجهات السياسية التي لم تستمر بسبب الثورة المضادة .

ثم ينتقل الى الثورة المضادة وحكومة لينين .

ثم فترة الحرب الأهلية وتعديل الاقتصاد .

يعطيك خريطة ذهنية عن شكل الامبراطورية الروسية جغرافيا قبل انهيارها ،ويشرح بشكل سريع المشاكل الاقتصادية والديموغرافيا التي وقعت في شباكها المنظومة الروسية بسبب التنوع العرقي والاثني والحجم الجغرافي للدولة .

يتكلم كثيرا عن الاقتصاد في حدود النظرية الإصلاحية اللينينية. ثم يشرح كيف بدات الثورة برفض المركزية الملكية المطلقة للامبراطورية ومن ثم العودة لها بالحقبة الستالينية .


ويعتبر مدخل سلس جدا للمصطلحات السياسية التي نشأت من تلك الفترة واستمرت أو انتهت في وقت لاحق.




سوف تستوعب روسيا بشكل كبير من بعد قراءة الكتاب
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