Very interesting! Here are some points which I enjoyed reading:
Part I, Chapter 1: "The Study of Ideologies and Philosophies of Language
He makes the point that ideologies are expressed in signs.
-- "Everything ideological possesses 'meaning': it represents, depicts, or stands for something lying outside itself. In other words, it is a sign. Without signs, there is no ideology" (9).
-- An example of the above: "A physical body equals itself, so to speak: it does not signify anything but wholly coincides with its particular, given nature. In this case there is no question of ideology" (9).
-- Signs are objects that take on more meaning: "Signs are also particular, material things. Any item of nature, technology, or consumption can become a sign, acquiring in the process a meaning that goes beyond its given particularity. A sign does not simply exist as a part of a reality - it reflects and refracts another reality" (10).
-- Everything ideological possesses semiotic value. Therefore, the domain of ideology coincides with the domain of signs (10).
-- "The ideoogical chain stretches from individual consciousness to individual consciousness, connecting them together. Signs emerge, after all, only in the process of interaction between one individual consciousness and another" (11) A beautiful image, of ideology stretching from one mind to the other, and somehow connecting those minds, and how two or more minds can share the same signs.
-- Consciousness becomes consciousness once it is filled with something (semiotic content) and this happens mostly in the process of (some kind of) social interaction" (11). I'm not sure if I completely agree with this, but it's an interesting thought
-- "Signs arise when individuals are organized socially. They do not arise between any two members of the species homo sapiens" (12). I see what he is getting at, but Jung would disagree, and here I side with Jung. We all have certain signs in common, certain archetypes.
-- "Word is present in each and every act of understanding and in each and every act of interpretation" (14). Yes! that's why I love words.
Part I, Chapter 2: Concerning the Relationship of the Basis and Superstructures
-- Beautiful idea, that I very much agree with. Words themselves express ideologies before those ideologies even arise. "The word is the medium in which occur the slow quantitative accretions of those changes which have not yet achieved the status of a new ideological quality, not yet produced a new and fully-fledged ideological form. the words has the capacity to register all the transitory, delicate, momentary phases of social change." (19)
-- A group's ideology is always related to that group's material life. O
-- He has a whole theory I disagree with about how the sign becomes "an arena of class struggle" and that a sign "that does not participate in class struggle dies away" (23)
-- The dominant ideology tries to distort the sign. This sounds complicated but it's the same as the phrase "history is told by the winners."
Part I Chapter 3: Philosophy of Language and Objective Psychology
-- "The reality of the inner psyche is the same reality as that of the sign... the subjective psyche is to be localized somewhere between the organism and the outside world, on the borderline separating these two spheres of reality" (26)
-- THIS ONE IS BRILLIANT: "Experience exists, even for the person undergoing it only in the material of signs... this factor of expressivity cannot be argued away from experience without foreeiting the very nature of experience." (28)
-- The opposite of "social" is not "individual". The opposite of "social" is actually "natural"!!! (34) (very true)
-- "The sign and its social situation are inextricably fused together" (36) In other words, you cannot understand a sign without first understanding its context.
-- "Psychic experience is something inner that becomes outer and the ideological sign, something outer that becomes inner" (39).
-- "The psyche effaces itself, or is obliterated, in the process of becoming ideology, and ideology effaces itself in the process of becoming psyche" (39). !!! In other words, here is a constant dialectical interplay between inner and outer signs, between psyche and ideoogy, but both are, in fact, composed of signs. So, from that it flows that:
-- "The birth of an objectvie cultural value entails the death of the subjective soul" (40)
To understand this better, it is helpful to read Saussure's and Chomsky's theories first.
Part II, Chapter 1: 2 Trends of Thought in Philosophy of Language (i.e. Saussure and Chomsky)
--"Each grammatical form was originally a free stylistic form"
-- "The logic of language is not at all a matter or reproducing a normatively identical form via the stylistically unreproducible utterance. The reality of language is, in fact, its generation" (56). This sounds exactly like Chomsky's theory.
-- "Language is an ever-flowing stream of speech acts in which nothing remains fixed and identical to itself"(52)
-- "Linguistics, as Saussure conceives it, cannot have the utterance as its object of study...Language stands in opposition to utterance in the same way as does that which is social to that which is individual.. The individual act of speaking, the utterance (parole), so decisively cast aside from linguistics, does return, however, as an essential factor in the history of language... History is dominated by 'utterance' with its individuality and randomness" (59-60). History comes out of the utterance, from spoken language as it changes. Language is not individual, it is social, so parole will always be an important object of study, even if a more difficult one.
The work sounds a lot like the style and writing of Bakhtin, and many believe that Bakhtin actually wrote this essay.
It doesn't really have anything to do with Marxism, outside of claiming that language is in itself ideological.