Age of Frenzy

by Mahabaleshwar Sail, Vidya Pai (Translator)

It's 1510. The Portuguese arrive in Goa armed with guns, swords and crucifixes to the agricultural village of Adolshi, where Hindus have been living peacefully. A sense of foreboding fills them as tigers prowl, cow bones appear in wells, chariot wheels break on festival day. The Portuguese king has licenced Jesuits to take over and staunch white men move about preaching the word of the Son of God. Land is seized, families broken. But Padre Simao Peres is convinced that love and not force will bring about a change of heart. With the Inquisition looming like an axe over everyone's heads, a saga of choice plays out for the people of the village. Recounting a history forgotten to most people now, Mahabaleshwar Sail's epic novel, Age of Frenzy, documents a turbulent past of religious rifts, caste hierarchies and power shifts which changed the ethos of a significant part of the western coastline of India forever.

Genres: Historical Fiction, India, Fiction, Horror, Historical, Indian Literature, Religion

328 pages, Paperback

First published January 1, 2004

About the author

Mahabaleshwar Sail was born on 4 August 1943 in Shejebag, Majali, Karnataka village of Uttara Kannada district of Karnataka. He was born in a family of agriculturalists. Sail's father was in the Army. Due to his father's demise, Sail had to leave schooling during his childhood and engage in agriculture. He started school at the age of six and dropped out in the eighth standard. Subsequently, he enrolled himself in the Indian Army. Sail also participated in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 and was stationed at the Hussainiwala border.

He also served as a United Nations peacekeeper between 1964–1965 at the border between Israel and Egypt. Sail has worked as a supervisor in the Forest Department. He was also in the Goa, Daman and Diu Police. Sail worked in India Post till his retirement.

Sail initially wrote in Marathi language but later started writing in Konkani language too. His first story appeared in Pralhad Keshav Atre's Sāptāhik Navyug weekly. The first story which he was during a lull in the battle after the Tashkent Declaration.

Sail has written stories, novels and children's literature in Konkani language. He has authored novels, stories and plays in Marathi language. His first Konkani novel was Kaali Ganga(काळी गंगा) in 1996. It dealt with the lives of the farming communities on the banks of the Kali River (Karnataka) in Karwar. Sail received the Sahitya Akadami Award in Konkani language for his short story collection Taranga(तरंगा) in 1993.

Sail's writing is characterised by research on the topic and the use of Konkani language words from Karwar region. His novels are characterized by the use of strong female heroines and an excellent depiction of the characters.

Sail's Yug Sanvar(युगसांवार) in Konkani language and Taandav(तांडव) in Marathi language are based on the Goa Inquisition. Both the novels were widely discussed and an English translation by Vidya Pai entitled Age of Frenzy was released by HarperCollins India.

Reviews

[Teenu Vijayan · Rating 5 out of 5]

For novice readers of Indian literature like me, this book was an eye opener.
In schools we do learn about the British invasion and their rule on India but hardly have I ever read or learnt about the brutality that Portugese unleashed upon people of Goa. I didn't know how many people were butchered, tortured, tricked and manipulated to establish Christianity as the religion of Goa. How the invaders played the cards right and divided people on religious front and used caste system and it's barriers to their advantage.
This book was not an easy read, it had so much suffering and there was no way I was expecting a happy ending because that's not what the story is about. You can see both the sides of religion here, the good, the bad and how a simple belief can shatter lives. What I saw in this story was whoever was honest at heart paid a heavy price for doing the righteous thing.
Next time when I visit Goa and marvel at their beautiful churches, I'll defintely ponder about the blood that was spilt, the lives that were lost and beliefs that were uprooted to convert an entire plethora of people to another religion.

[Padmaja · Rating 5 out of 5]

Age of frenzy wasn't an easy book to read. It was a painful story blended with history. It's set in the 16th century when the Portuguese set foot in Goa, after the battle of the Moors, to preach Christianity and they'll do it by hook or by crook.
The book begins with people talking about how the Portuguese won the war with the Moors and are how they achieved total control of Goa.
~
This book made me angry and uncomfortable. It made me angry on both sides, the Portuguese as well as the simpleton villagers. I felt both of them lacked a strong spine.
Another sharp highlight of this book is the devotion towards one's religion. The Portuguese made their God a puppet, and the Hindus found themselves very very weak against them. It also highlighted the clash of the belief systems. The Portuguese used our rigid caste system as a ploy and used it to forcibly convert people. Some converted for their own selfish gains,  some to hide their castes, some converted so as to not leave their ancestral lands and house and the ones who resisted had to uproot themselves from Goa and settle in Maharashtra, Karnataka and Kerala.
We were heavily divided, which is why the Portuguese were able to achieve total control on our mindset. They made a fool out of the people who had no political leadership.
~
Easily one of the most important books I've read this year. This might be one of the best books to read if you want to know about the history of Goa.
The desperate attempts by the Portuguese to convert people was written in all its plurality. How they forced people to give up their faith, their culture, their language and had almost succeeded in wiping out Konkani and the culture from Goa. The people who were uprooted had to face some of the most difficult days. Set in a fictional village of Adolshi in Goa, Sail presents us this painful story and a dark chapter in Goan history which never gets a mention in history textbooks.
~
However I would say keep an open mind while reading this book and don't be quick to judge the events, remember this was in history and it happened in the 16th century.
I felt so helpless reading about the agony and helplessness people had to go through when they were told to adopt a new faith, adopt a European language and culture albeit forcibly made me shed tears many a times. I couldn't even imagine the horror wrought upon the helpless people because someone thought their language and culture was superior than others, and no one should get to decide that.
I highly recommend you read about the Portuguese inquisition of Goa before reading this book. The end was gut wrenching. In the zeal of preaching their religion, the missionaries forgot what the actual teachings of the Bible were and took religion into their own hands. Religion blinds people so much sometimes.
5⭐

[Dhanaraj Rajan · Rating 4 out of 5]

Four and Half Stars.

The novel is set in a fictional Hindu village in Goa in the 16th century. This was the time of the arrival of the Portuguese whose mission was to convert the whole region into a Christian region. They believed that the subjects of the Portuguese King are to follow the religion of the King. There is nothing wrong with that. The only problem was that to attain their aim they mostly resorted to the means of force. Later to keep the new converts within the Christian fold they brought in Inquisition and their means of justice for the people who went away from Christianity was more than gruesome.

The clash of cultures, the struggles of the locals to withstand the Portuguese efforts to convert them, the way of escape from the Portuguese (Mass migration out of Goa), the struggles in the escape (to be stripped of your land, temple, deities, people, cattle and to move away as refugees seeking magnanimity of a sponsor in a new place is a heart breaking tale to read), the struggle of the new converts to give up their practice and rituals - These are wonderfully rendered in the novel through various episodes.

Four and Half Stars. Almost received a five star rating except for the minor lack in the novel. They should have included a glossary of the Indian words used in the novel. There are many Indian words appearing all through the novel. Even for a person from South India (Tamil Nadu), these words were a big challenge initially. But it was easy to associate with the context and get to the meaning. But for a person from outside India, these words will certainly pose a big challenge.

It is a great book. And I have not done justice to it writing this plain review.

[Ashish Iyer · Rating 4 out of 5]

It was tough to read this book. Quite horrifying to be honest. But everyone should read it. Truth need to be told. Even though this book is fiction weaved with reality that happened in past. Its a top notch historical fiction that tackles a subject often glossed over in Indian Historiography.

This book is set in the 16th century, the novel speaks of a turbulent time in Goa's history. This book narrates how Portugese imposed their religion on Hindu and Muslims. And how harsh these portuguese were. For them they want to convert entire Goa into christianity by cheat, deceit, fraud, blackmail, violent and what not.

Sadly, We are the nation which was constantly invaded by Islamic and Christians to imposed their thoughts, culture and religion on us. There are still so many people in India who denied these genocides.

Apart from this i also recommend you to read.
1. Swapna Saraswatha by GopalKrishna Pai
2. Goa Inquisition by Anant Kabka Priolkar.

The more books we read, the more we know. Lets call spade a spade. That's how we educate ourselves. I would especially thanks to translator for translating this work. That's why i am fan of reading regional works.

Originally this was written in Konkani goes by the name of Yug Samvar and its available in Marathi (Tandav) as well.

[Rajat Ubhaykar · Rating 5 out of 5]

This was my companion read on my recent trip to Goa - superbly researched historical fiction that tells the tragic tale of the forced Christianization of Goa that commenced after it was conquered by the Portuguese from the Adil Shahis of Bijapur in 1510. Detailed review to follow.

[Sudhir Pai · Rating 5 out of 5]

This is easily one of the most important books I've read all year. I'd even name it as one best books I've read all my life. But I should also admit that the reasons for my appreciation of this book might be purely personal. After all, this just might be the best historical account of Konkans - the speakers of the Konkani language. My ancestors.

But before I dive into the novel, I believe some background would help readers understand the significance of this work of literature. Back in the 16th century, Goa was home to a small population who spoke Konkani. Since this community was lacking in any kind of political leadership or military support of neighbouring kingdoms, they almost immediately fell prey to the oppressive rule of the Portuguese invaders in 1510.

In their desperation to expand their colonies beyond Europe, the Portuguese employed an aggressive style of governance that forced natives to either give up on their religion and covert to Christianity or forgo their property. They would later enforce severe laws on new converts to adopt not just a European lifestyle but its language too. All of this ensured that Konkani disappeared from public memory in Goa and was spoken only in the strict privacy of home.

But the other half of the Konkani speakers, who chose to be uprooted out of Goa in order to protect their religion, suffered great loss of life from their exodus to neighboring parts of India, mostly Karnataka, Maharashtra and Kerala.

Age Of Frenzy goes back in time to the 16th century, to narrate this painful episode in history of Goa. Through the lives of simple villagers of a fictitious hamlet named Adolshi, Author Mahabaleshwar Sail goes into great detail to recreate the events that led to the fragmented future that awaited Konkans in the centuries that followed.

The book was originally written in Konkani(titled 'Yug Sanvaar') using the Devanagari script. Given how Konkani was marginalised over many centuries and its lack of a unique script and literature, Sail's magnum opus is perhaps a landmark in the language's history. To help this story reach many more readers, Vidya Pai translated this work into English, and thus Age of Frenzy came into being.

The maturity and the sensitivity with which the author and the translator have handled this chapter that hardly ever gets a mention in books on Indian History, Age of Frenzy is a must-read for every Konkani speaker irrespective of their faith. It would be a pity if this book fails to reach the people it was originally written for.

[Rohit Harip · Rating 4 out of 5]

Religious Diversity in Indian is not the voluntary , sadly it is imposed by Christians and Muslims.
sad but true !!

वरचा वाक्य कदाचित ऐकायला त्रासदायक वाटू शकतं, पण मुळात कुठेतरी त्यात असलेले तथ्य प्रमाण बुद्धिमत्ता असलेला माणूस नाकारू शकत नाही,
महाबळेश्वर सैल हे नाव पहिल्यांदा वाचला ते भैरप्प वाचत असताना,
नावच इतका इंटरेस्टिंग वाटलं की लेखकविषयी कुतूहल निर्माण झाला आणि 'तांडव' हातात आला,
गोवा म्हटलं की समुद्र, स्वस्तातले मद्याचे प्याले, ख्रिश्चन रचनेची (?) नयनवेधक (?) चर्चेस , परदेशी युवती (मागून फिरणारे देशी घोळके),हे चित्र प्रामुख्याने आज तरी दिसते,
पूर्वी काय होतं ,
या पलीकडे जाऊन गोव्यात काय घडलं ? पश्चिम घाटाच्या कुशीत जंगलात वसलेले एक साधे सरळ गाव, गावातले गावकरी मतभेद घेऊन पण जगत होते,
गावावर धाड येते ती सात समुद्रापलीकडच्या "सुसंकृत" खिस्तांची ,
आणि सुरू होते जाळपोळ धर्मांतराचे सत्र , भारतात विविधता आणायची खटपट सुरू होते,
आडोळशी गावाची ही कथा !! अशी असंख्य गाव होरपळून निघाली पोर्तुगाल वरवंट्यात ,
लोकं ख्रिश्चन झाली, गावं ख्रिश्चन झाली,आणि
गोवापण ख्रिश्चन झाले ,
अंगणातली तुळस जाऊन क्रॉस आले, गळ्यातले मंगळसूत्र जाऊन क्रॉस आले, कळस जाऊन क्रॉस आले,
हे लादलेले क्रॉस घेऊन माजघरातले हळदी कुंकू जपले।होते,
पंधराव्या शतकात गोव्यात धर्मांतराचे सार्वत्रिक सत्र सुरू झाले त्याबद्दल घेतलेला वेध ,
पुस्तकांचे मुखपृष्ठ फार बोलके मुद्दाम फोटो काढून टाकत आहे।

[Smitha Murthy · Rating 5 out of 5]

I am not religious although my passport denotes me as a Hindu. If there is a religion I really believe in, it’s the religion of kindness and compassion. If pushed, I might show more affinity to Buddhism. Despite my non-religious leanings, it was with shock I read of the Portuguese Inquisition in Goa and the forced conversions of thousands of Hindus. How did I study history in school without knowing about this?

Told in a non-linear format with shifting episodes, Mahabaleshwar Sail has crafted a beautiful narrative of historical fiction. This was my first read of Konkani literature and Vidya Pai’s beautiful translation stays true to its linguistic nuances. When the Portuguese, who occupied Goa in the 15th century, begin to push Christianty down the throats of naive villagers, it takes a sad and brutal turn with death, torture, confusion, and chaos as true faith gets lost in the process. Page after page shows a Goan past covered in darkness as the Portuguese Inquisition continues for more than 200 years. I was left feeling bewildered and saddened at the way religion was used to bring about such devastation. A powerful book. I can’t ever look at a church in Goa the same way again.

[E.T. · Rating 4 out of 5]

3.5/5 A novel on the brutal Inquisition carried out by the Jesuits in Goa to convert Hindus to Christianity. What I particularly liked is that the author has portrayed the cruelty, superstition and disunity of the Hindu society too instead of just playing the victim card and being provocative.
BTW, one of India’s top “liberal” English news media called critics of Aurangzeb Islamophobes. Maybe everyone needs to read books like these - talking about history frankly but without seeking revenge. Truth and reconciliation !

[Ajay · Rating 5 out of 5]

A book on Goa Inquisition.

[Kishor Dhere · Rating 5 out of 5]

हिंदू धर्मातील अंधश्रद्धा आणि खूप खोलवर रुजलेल्या परंपरा यामुळे लोकांचे खूप हाल होत आहेत आणि झाले आहेत

[Natasha · Rating 4 out of 5]

This is a book unlike any other I have read. No chapters, no plot, no single protagonist. The Portuguese have brought Goa under their control, and they are determined to ensure that everyone converts to Christianity. The story is set in a fictional village- one indistinguishable from hundreds of others. The village is a little apart from the mainstream, so the forces of conversion come later than to other villages. The first 'padre' who came to the area believed in converting through compassion, so though the villagers were aware of the new religion, there had been barely any conversions in years.
The pace picks up when a new set of people come bearing the name of the Lord.
Sama, dana, bheda, danda is the approved Indian technique for achieving your objectives, and the Portuguese adopt exactly the same strategy. Some convert out of greed for the land they can acquire, others because they cannot find labourers to till their land. Some have no choice but to convert after they are deemed "outcasts" after coming in contact with people of other religions. Some prefer to flee rather than stay behind in a land where they cannot worship their gods, while others convert because they believe that all religions essentially preach the same things.
People flit in an out of the pages of the book- each story is followed to its logical conclusion, but when the conflict is resolved, they characters walk out and may never be seen again. Each story is unique- whether they convert or not, whether they hold onto old traditions or not, no two stories are identical. People are forced to do bad things, but they are not bad people.
The book is ambitious in its scope, and the author does a fantastic job of presenting the different perspectives. While the way Christianity was imposed on the population was harsh, and the subsequent Inquisition blatantly cruel, he also shows the inherent injustices prevalent in Hindu society. Satee was a social evil, as was the caste system and untouchability, and the author tackles both head on. There are also no clear heroes or villains- is the man who chooses to convert so he can continue feeding the people dependent on him better or worse than the man who takes the village deity and exiles himself away from the land his family has tilled for generations? Some people behave heroically, others behave in a cowardly manner, and they are both dealt with with the same compassion.
This is a difficult book to read, yet it is an important book to read. Times might have changed, but not much else has.

[Girija (thesacredwhispers) · Rating 4 out of 5]

4.5⭐

[Shraddha · Rating 4 out of 5]

"Religious beliefs are always consider to be the most rational way to attain power by many warmonger governments but in reality its the most wimpish and pusillanimous thing. As, it is accompanied by suffering, dis-integrity, loss of unity and faith among the society and above all, during this the ones who suffer the most are the downtrodden, the weak and the afflicted."
🌴
Goa is the most loved destination not only in India but also by the people around the globe. Its beautiful beaches, mesmerizing churches, culture collectively make it a happening and one of most liberal place in India. But what made this place what it is today, on what foundation has this place been placed. Translated from the Kokani, the book shows the agony that was accompanied by the inhuman ways which Portuguese adapted to spread Christianity. How they forced the people to give up their faith, religion and culture. Their only motive was to destroy Kokani culture and establish Christian faith and cultural evidences of today resonate the fact that they were almost successful in doing so. This place has been a witness of great sorrow, having its people find themselves extremely weak in front of the mighty power of the Portuguese. Some people got converted for their ancestral land, others who resisted where either killed or were somehow able to escape and settle in Maharashtra, Karnataka and few parts of Kerala. 🌊
To be honest I think this book was one of my paramount reads this year. This is the beauty of our local writings, they have so much to say about its people, their shredded souls and how the place holds all this together and make it look like a beautiful, intricately woven fabric. I'm so glad I read this one.
⭐- 4.9/5

[Swathi · Rating 4 out of 5]

Age of frenzy was the most difficult read for me after Chinatown days. Talking about a forgotten piece from history, both of these transport us to a time,place and situation so different from what we know and study. 🐚
Age of frenzy is a fictionalized account of Portuguese invasion to Goa and it's aftermath. Written in form of a village - Adolshi's journey, we can only imagine what happened to many other villages like her. Starting off as any other village in Goa, prosperous and beautiful the villagers are shaken when a priest comes in to preach Christianity. It is then that the natives come to know of Portuguese invasion. While the priest Padre Simao, intends to preach Christianity by talking of good deeds of Jesus soon others arrive who want to convert everyone by hook or crook.🐚
Taking examples of various families, the impact of caste and rigorous practices this was an eye opener and also gets you thinking in how lack of unity can break an entire village. Caught in between their love for land and their God and customs we see a lot of people choosing the former for various reasons while continuing to practice both the religions. Inquisition was something I was not aware of that made me shake to the core. Sadly, forgetting the actual message of Jesus Christ alot of officers turned against even their own people jailing them and burning of the Judgement Day. 🐚

[Nuvneet · Rating 5 out of 5]

Age of Frenzy By Mahabaleshwar Sail is a wonderful, intriguing and an engaging read about the period of Indian history (1510) when Goa was under the Portuguese rule. It is the story of conversion and inquisition which took place in Goa, an event that is neither taught nor talked about much.
The author has portrayed the complex situation through a myriad of characters faced with conversion to Christianity by manipulation and coercion in the light of issues like rigid caste system, concept of outcasts, superstition, etc in Hinduism. It also depicts the confusion and conflict of the new converts, converted by choice or by force, regarding the understanding of the new religion and letting go the customs and traditions of their old faith. A must read book for the history and historical fiction buffs.

[Khushi Kolwalker · Rating 5 out of 5]

Fantastic read, speaks about how Portuguese conquered Goa with Iron fist. Took advantage of our caste system to rule Goa by resorting to conversion and Inquisition. A very weak region was found helpless before mighty Portuguese. Goans couldn't protect themselves then can't protect themselves now. Our intelligence is our only weapon against external and internal enemies. We need to learn and learn very fast to take care of ourselves.

[Smriti · Rating 4 out of 5]

4 to 4.25.

[Swati · Rating 4 out of 5]

I’ve been to Goa many times and come away with my mind already thinking of the next time I would be back. Because I always felt a certain peace on its beaches (not the touristy ones) and lush little bylanes.

It’s only after reading Mahabaleshwar Sail’s “Age of Frenzy” that I got a peek into the wild, dark past of this place. Set in 16th century Goa, the book begins with the Portuguese taking control of the land. They set about displaying their force and gain an upper hand on all the people of Goa by enforcing their religion. Forced conversions and subjugation through barbaric methods become rife. Sail shows us the deeply painful experiences of the people and a part of history that remains submerged in its darkness most of the time, and not getting enough mentions in the light of today.
This was quite an uncomfortable read and it made me squirm many times due to the atrocities and blatantly horrific attitude of the Portuguese. The missionaries who came as part of the Portuguese contingent were hardly benevolent as you would expect them to be. Hand-in-glove with the administration, they played a major role in forcing the local Konkani people to convert. And if they refused they would either get killed or their possessions and land would be seized. There was only one God and one ruler at the time in Goa and everyone had to adhere to them.

And the Konkani society set up doesn’t make it any easier on the common people either. Anyone who converted was shunned by not just the priests but also their own families. They were disowned and not allowed to enter their own homes for fear of “pollution.” Although the Hindus went through agony their beliefs in their own caste system and religion were too deep rooted and rigid.

Some people accept the bribes the government gave to convert. But many didn’t. And the ones who did lived with immense guilt. The ones who did but had family who didn’t, had to put up with discrimination and taunts. Many could not skirt around the rules and systems they had followed since the day they were born. And so, caught between two worlds, these people of Goa walked a long and painful way to their deaths.

Translated by Vidya Pai, this is a powerful tour de force of history from the dark ages of Goa. One that must be read.

[Harish Usgaonker · Rating 5 out of 5]

Off late, I have read works of some celebrated author's like- Amish Tripathi, Ashwin Sanghi, Neel Mukherjee, Arvind Adiga, and the like. "Age of Frenzy" by a lesser-known regional author Mahabaleshwar Sail, somehow stood apart from all these and it was like finding a precious pearl from an oyster deep in the ocean. This novel is the English translation of the original Konkani novel "Yug Sanwar", and is fiction based on historical facts.

Set in 16th century Goa, the Portuguese referred to as "the white demons from across the seven seas" by the locals, defeated Adil Shah and have taken over the reins in the region. This is a story in a fictitious Goan village called Adolshi where life goes as usual- people who are driven by traditions and rituals, worship Gods to please the well-being of the village, believe that the "Gramdev" (God of the land) protects the land, some families practice 'sati' (forcing widows into the pyres of their dead husbands), the Devli community who takes care of the temples and dance during the festivals are left to rot when found dead as touching them is believed to be a sin and many more superstitions. The caste system and diet compulsions and people treated as outcasts if a lump of particular meat is found in the premise benefited the vested interest of the new rulers- the Portuguese who wanted to convert the village into a Christian one. The King of Portugal declares the Goa Inquisition and people are coerced to convert to Christianity or burnt to death tied to a stake.

However, there is one missionary Padre (priest) Simao Peres who is sent to Goa from Spain by the Pope to spread the teachings of Jesus. He believes in 'the true teachings' of Christianity- which talks about love, compassion, and forgiveness, and doesn't really agree with the forceful methods adopted by the Portuguese. The story progresses with various episodes into the lives of many families of Adolshi, their tragedies, and a few turn of shocking events like the father killing his own son because he accepts the Christian faith, mob justice of a person suspected to be a traitor, and burnt to death, rapes, suicides and helpless and fearful people who just believe that the God of the land will save them instead of revolting. It also shows how many households moved out of Goa to save their faith and the Gods, the situation painfully described as "severing of the umbilical ties".

The story really takes you through the horrors that the people of Goa must have gone through at that time. The beauty of the author's writing style is that the narrative at no point looks judgemental or biased towards any particular faith in question. He just states the reality and it's up to the reader to judge right or wrong. Be it the discrimination within the castes, the lack of unity, the coercive and threatening conversions, the torture in the name of punishment, or Padre Simao talking about the real teachings of the Bible. It's highly balanced and the dark realities of both sides have been depicted well. Due credit to the English translator Ms. Vidhya Pai for retaining the sanctity of the writing.

As I was reading, I wondered how this novel is going to end. And as I reached the final pages, the horrors got worse and reading through the pages got even more painful. The story ends tragically no doubt, but not without leaving the reader with a long-lasting hangover.

The book also includes appendices where the translator shares her experiences and thoughts about this masterpiece, followed by an interview with the Author taken by the translator, and finally the difficulty they both had to go through to get this published. It is sad to learn that the publishers condensed the original 424-page tome to a 300-pager English translation. At the same time, I am glad that the publishers have agreed to publish this English translation so that such a little-known piece of art can reach a wider audience.

[Nikita · Rating 4 out of 5]

Religion is a delicate subject to write about but Sail did incredible work - balancing the tones, the criticisms and dilemmas

[Shine Mathew · Rating 4 out of 5]

Absolutely horrifying tales about the Goan Inquisition.