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Marx Capital & Madness Economic Reason

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Marx's Capital is one of the most important texts of the modern era. The three volumes, published between 1867 and 1883, changed the destiny of countries, politics and people across the world - and continue to resonate today. In this book, David Harvey lays out their key arguments.

In clear and concise language, Harvey describes the architecture of capital according to Marx, placing his observations in the context of capitalism in the second half of the nineteenth century. He considers the degree to which technological, economic and industrial change during the last 150 years means Marx's analysis and its application may need to be modified.

Marx's trilogy concerns the circulation of capital: volume I, how labour increases the value of capital, which he called valorisation; volume II, on the realisation of this value, by selling it and turning it into money or credit; volume III, on what happens to the value next in processes of distribution.

The three volumes contain the core of Marx's thinking on the workings and history of capital and capitalism. David Harvey explains and illustrates the profound insights and enormous analytical power they continue to offer in terms that, without compromising their depth and complexity, will appeal to a wide range of readers, including those coming to the work for the first time.

256 pages, Paperback

First published November 7, 2017

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About the author

David Harvey

188 books1,619 followers
Librarian Note: There is more than one author by this name in the Goodreads database.

David Harvey (born 1935) is the Distinguished Professor of Anthropology at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York (CUNY). A leading social theorist of international standing, he graduated from University of Cambridge with a PhD in Geography in 1961.

He is the world's most cited academic geographer (according to Andrew Bodman, see Transactions of the IBG, 1991,1992), and the author of many books and essays that have been prominent in the development of modern geography as a discipline.

His work has contributed greatly to broad social and political debate, most recently he has been credited with helping to bring back social class and Marxist methods as serious methodological tools in the critique of global capitalism, particularly in its neoliberal form.

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Displaying 1 - 30 of 82 reviews
Profile Image for Always Pouting.
576 reviews994 followers
October 6, 2020
Definitely much more bearable to read than Capital itself, most likely because it's at least 700 pages shorter. I really like the way that it covered volumes II and III as well, mostly because I was hoping not to read them after trudging through volume I. To be fair volume I is the longest so it might have been so bad to read the other two as well. Anyways this was a good overview of Marx that covered a lot of his writing while also expanding on it and tying it back into the modern political situation. I enjoyed it and it did give me some things to think about like the function of credit and it's intertwined nature with exponential growth. Things I've heard talk about and had feelings toward that were formally written out in a more cogent way that really allows me to articulate my own opinion on the situation in a more coherent fashion. Might check out David Harvey's other books in the future as well since this was pretty accessible.
Profile Image for Lori.
348 reviews70 followers
February 13, 2018
There are basically three things that are truly worth saying about the text:

1) this book will make you understand why the following statement is not only true, but you will understand why and its very deep implications: "The Communist Party leadership in Beijing almost certainly did not set out to save global capitalism, but this is in effect what they did." — p. 180

2) if you want to actually understand what Marx wrote about capitalism — not useless propaganda, disengenous attempts at understanding, and intellectually lazy summaries — without sifting carefuly through all of Capital, Grundrisse, and all of the other writings then you should read this book. It's the shortest you'll ever get in terms of understanding Marx's critique of capitalism.

3) read this book

An immensely important work that not only clarifies Marx's writings, but puts them into historical perspective and provides a clear analysis of Marx's failings and ways to overcome these.
Profile Image for David M.
477 reviews376 followers
December 7, 2017
'All capitalism is vulture capitalism' - in conversation at City Lights

*
The fact that so many find it harder to envisage the end of capitalism than the end of the world has everything to do with the fact that the future of capital accumulation is foreclosed in a towering volume of debt as anti-value. For many, the only seeming hope is that some external intervention - an apocalyptic even of some sort - will save us. It will not. The only thing that can save us is an explicit winding down if not demolition of the tower of debt that dictates our future. - pp 93


*
Harvey defines capital as "value in motion." A capitalist society would be one organized according to the needs of this motion.

In light of this, what to make of the truly shocking phenomenon of wealth hoarding by elites in the 21st century? If it were ever possible to honestly believe tax cuts to the rich caused wealth to "trickle down," that time is obviously past. The utter shamelessness of the latest tax bill seems to confirm this. Wealth doesn't trickle down; it goes offshore to tax havens. Obviously this is very bad news for the poor and non-elites in general. Perhaps a more vexing question is what it portends for capitalism itself.

See this excellent piece in the Jacobin https://jacobinmag.com/2017/11/paradi...

People who claim to love capitalism and care about capitalism thriving should be very worried about this, because what this concentration of capital in an increasingly small group of people’s hands means is that the economic system is ossifying. It’s going backwards towards feudalism, where wealth was tied up generation after generation among a very small group of families. That’s exactly what we see happening now.


At a time when the rich seem to be decisively winning the class war, it's hard to believe capitalism could be on its last leg. Yet by the definitions Harvey proposes, some sort of epochal shift does seem to be underway. We appear to be headed toward a kind of postmodern neo-feudalism.

*
As a geographer and urbanist, Harvey is especially good on the subject of alienation. Marx himself did not deal with the subject much in Capital, volume 1. Given that it can't be measured the same way as inequality and exploitation, it may seem less real. Part of the romantic heritage to be retired for the sake of a more rigorous political economy.

In fact, I think Harvey shows convincingly it's a necessary concept to make sense of the current flash-points of the global capitalist system. For instance, it may help provide some resolution to the endless, mostly sterile debates about whether Trump's election was caused by economic anxiety or purely cultural phenomena such as racism. Advocates of the latter can point out that by some metrics the economy was actually doing just fine. While this may be true, statistics often fail to account for the way capital disrupts people's lives and lived environments. For this, a more qualitative investigation is needed. Harvey provides this with his writing on cities.
Profile Image for Foppe.
151 reviews51 followers
January 14, 2019
For those who are new to Marx or Harvey's work, please (first) check out The Enigma of Capital and the Crises of Capitalism, as that work is rather more accessible. But if you're familiar with their work already, this makes for an excellent read. Harvey's main aim, in basically all of his work, has been to on the one hand show the relevance of Marx's analytic framework, and on the second to update it, specifically with an appreciation of the importance of geography and geographic difference to the way 'capitalist development' functions.

One important illustration of this being the history of the world since 1945: the rebuilding of the west formed the first impetus to growth, and because most of the world was still 'outside' capital's sphere, and because racism and sexism were still dominant, workers had a strong bargaining position, which allowed them to command a substantial part of the wealth and income growth over the period, while high post-depression income tax rates ensured that societies stayed relatively egalitarian. As women and people of color (and "illegal immigrants" in the US, and "guest workers" in Europe) started entering the workforce, and later Japan and the "Asian Tigers" joined the world economy, the downward pressure on wages increased, even as it became easier to produce goods "elsewhere", where regulations were more lax, and living standards were (much) lower. Then NAFTA, China, the former Soviet Bloc labor forces become available to capital, and by now advanced containerization and computerization allows for the near-seamless integration of most of the world's population into the "global market", while there is little room left for "growth" in the mature, western societies. So wages have long since stagnated, and most of the "wealth increase" since the 1990s has come from house price inflation made possible by the ("American Dreaming" suburban white picked fenced-, dual car, ) dual-income household, which allowed for mortgages (and thereby, house prices) to rise. This went well until it didn't, which is where we are today.

All of these developments occurred only because and where there are/were (accessible) "greenfield sites", where regulations are still (or once again) lax, where humans are mostly unorganized, and where people are desperate for income (often by forced migration, evictions, enclosure and sale of common land). And everywhere where there no longer is "growth" and building going on, because there is no demand for it, or because there is too much competition, stagnation and stories of impending doom because "no more growth" -- no matter how good the standard of living is in an absolute sense, see Japan -- are the norm.
This book, in some ways, is an attempt to more explore the dynamics and their interactions that he's discussed in the Enigma book in more detail, to make them more rigorous; and to integrate the importance of the role of the financial sector in particular, and money as debt, into the analysis, which was largely missing from the theory (because Marx intended to address it in vol.3 of capital, which he never completed; see A Companion to Marx's Capital, Volume 2). I don't think Harvey is done yet (and he's still a quite spry and agile octogenarian), but this makes for an excellent update and addition to his work.

PS. if you want to read a more detailed account of the role of the financial sector from a marxist perspective, please check out Michael Hudson's Killing the Host: How Financial Parasites and Debt Bondage Destroy the Global Economy. For an anthropologist's account of money and debt and how those relate to human interaction, promise-making, and helping each other, see David Graeber's magisterial Debt: The First 5,000 Years.
353 reviews26 followers
September 16, 2017
A while ago I read the three volumes of Marx's Capital in tandem with the first and second volumes of David Harvey's "Companion to Marx's Capital". Harvey is of course also well known for his series of online video lectures on Capital, which formed the basis for the "Companion" books.

In some ways this book feels like a shortened version of the longer work. It is a superb short introduction to the thought of Marx in all it's complexity. Harvey builds the book around the basic principle that for Marx Capital is 'value in motion' and uses the hydrological cycle to illustrate how this works in practice. His emphasis on contradiction and conflict in the thought of Marx is a great counter to the 'standard' deterministic version of Marxism.

Harvey works through the various transformations that capital progresses through in moving from production to circulation to realisation (and then back into production) spiralling upwards driven by the need to accumulate. He draws out the dialectical nature of these transformations, riven by contradiction and the possibility of crises. This leads to the final chapter where Harvey begins the process of connecting this analysis to the current political conjunction. In particular he draws out how the dramatic growth of China demonstrates an acceleration in the challenges modern capital presents both to the continuation of a working economy and to a sustainable climate.

Harvey also discusses the creation of 'anti-value'. One aspect of modern capitalism has been the creation of vast quantities of debt representing claims of the present on the future, determining the continuation of the production of surplus value in the need to service the debt that has been built up in the past. And yet the creation of this debt has been necessary to pulling capital out of its periodic crises, and in particular following the great recession of 2007-8.

Harvey does not shy away from exposing the complexities of Marx's thought. In this the book is similar to the pair of "Companion" books. The goal is to encourage us to engage with Marx's thought as an insightful way of thinking about the current state of affairs, as an analysis that helps us to understand the way things are, and emphatically not as a dogma that must be revered without being changed. Harvey does a superb job of outlining Marx's framework, where it reflects the challenges we face today and where it needs further thought or revision.

In brief, as a short introduction to the modern value of Marx's work this book is invaluable without ever being dogmatic. Perhaps the dissolution of 'actually existing' communism frees us to make better use of what Marx can tell us about modern political economy. If so, there is no better introduction than David Harvey's latest work.
Profile Image for Andrew.
2,258 reviews931 followers
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July 20, 2025
As much as I hate to say it, there’s not much use for me here in this sort of extended, highly qualitative Marxian exegesis. It’s certainly not useful for the layman, which is sad because you kind of get the feeling that Harvey wants it to be accessible. It’s not scientific, as there’s a real paucity of evidence but a lot of extend theory. And it’s not well-written the way some good theory is. Harvey has written great books that explain our current condition magnificently, but this is not one of them.
Profile Image for Thomas Ray.
1,506 reviews521 followers
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July 10, 2024
Marx, Capital, and the Madness of Economic Reason, David Harvey, 2018, 236 pages, Dewey 335.413 H262m

Harvey summarizes Marx for us, and relates him to the present.

The upper crust take an ever-increasing share of the total. This is not a law of nature, but is what happens without counterforce. pp. 13-14.

Market freedoms don't benefit us all, as Adam Smith supposed, but immiserate the many and heap wealth on the few. p. 25.

As capital accumulates, workers' situations worsen. p. 27.

Workers' reduced buying power in the neoliberal 1978-2018 has stagnated the world economy. p. 33.


Author 1 book536 followers
September 19, 2017
I read this in preparation for a David Harvey lecture held at LSE last night. I didn't actually get to go to the event (it was over capacity ... Marxist events are really popular these days, it seems) but I'm glad I read this anyway. I'd already read two of his other books (Enigma and Seventeen Contradictions) and there was a lot of overlap, but he does explore some of the more geographical aspects of modern-day capitalism in this book, which I thoroughly enjoyed.

Recommended if you want a better understanding of how a system created by humankind to liberate us from material hardship has instead come to dominate us.
Profile Image for John  Mihelic.
563 reviews24 followers
December 1, 2017
The best book published this year is David Harvey’s “Marx, Capital, and the Madness of Economic Reason”.

In this centenary year of the Russian Revolution, it is important not to lose touch with those critical of the current economic system.

Harvey bring the ideas of Marx into the 21st century and shows how they are still relevant to understanding capitalism today even with the evolution of capitalism since Marx first set pen to page.
Profile Image for Griffin Duffey.
73 reviews12 followers
March 1, 2023
Harvey is a king. this book does such a great job synthesizing the mess of our global political economic situation, while providing a great systemic approach to thinking about Marx's greatest insights into the study of capitalism and how it comes to bear on global crises. it just shows that Marx provides the necessary tools of genuine critique of financial capitalism.
Profile Image for Dan.
Author 16 books155 followers
July 11, 2018
The world needs more old-fashioned Marxists like Harvey — who has written yet another effortless-seeming book offering a hugely readable, enormously nuanced, and appropriately acerbic reflection on his continued (growing!) relevance.
31 reviews1 follower
October 20, 2018
PRÓLOGO
Crises, como as que Marx vivenciou em 1848 e 1857, decorriam de choques externos, como guerras, escassez natural e más colheitas. Hoje os comentários de Marx sobre as leis que governam o capital e suas contradições internas, suas irracionalidades subjacentes, revelam-se mais penetrantes do que as teorias macroeconômicas tradicionais que não deram conta de explicar a Crise de 2008 e suas consequências prolongadas.
A VISUALIZAÇÃO DO CAPITAL COMO VALOR EM MOVIMENTO
Tal como David Ricardo, Marx entende como valor o tempo de trabalho socialmente necessário . Se o capital é valor em movimento, então como, onde e por que ele se move e assume as diferentes formas? Os capitalistas comerciantes participam juntamente a financistas que formam o núcleo de uma classe de capitalistas monetários que desempenham um papel crítico na facilitação da conversão do dinheiro de volta em capital financeiro garantindo o círculo dos processos de valorização (dinheiro gerando dinheiro). Cada um desses agentes reivindica uma parcela da mais-valia na forma de lucro, juros ou aluguéis, enquanto a classe trabalhadora fica com uma proporção decrescente da produção sob forma de salário que não são reajustados.
O Estado exerce considerável influência por meio da demanda efetiva que exige na busca de equipamentos militares, todo tipo de meios de vigilância, administração e administração burocrática. Na esteira de crises massivas (como a da Grande Depressão dos anos 1930 ou QE nos EUA e Pedaladas no Brasil), o clamor por uma intervenção estatal mais efetiva tende a aumentar. Sob condições de ameaça geopolítica (seja real ou imaginária), a demanda por complexo militar-industrial não é desprezível para inovação e para a circulação do capital (a Guerra do Iraque gerou demanda para muitas das inovações geradas a partir da Bolha das Pontocom de 2001).
Mercados de crédito fornecidos pelo sistema bancário carregam um elemento contraditório que é a criação do endividamento de dentro do sistema financeiro se torna um motor persistente de acumulação futura. Um calote de dívidas desencadeia efeito dominó que se alastra no sistema de fluxo de capitais gerando depressão de preços de ativos dados como garantia a empréstimos.
CAPITAL, O LIVRO
Se por um lado, o materialismo físico, tende a não reconhecer coisas do espírito como processos que não podem ser fisicamente observados; o materialismo histórico, por outro lado, reconhece a importância dos fenômeno imaterial/espiritual. Marx refere-se ao dinheiro como uma das metamorfoses na forma de "borboleta" do capital (ele voa com facilidade e vai para onde quiser) enquanto a mercadoria estaria ainda na fase anterior ainda como uma “lagarta”. A principal intenção de Marx em Capital é desconstruir a visão utópica do capitalismo de livre mercado. De acordo com Marx, a tecnologia distorce o trabalhador em um fragmento de homem, ele o degrada ao nível de um apêndice de uma máquina geradora. O acúmulo de riqueza em um pólo é, ao mesmo tempo, o acúmulo de miséria, o tormento do trabalho, a escravidão, a ignorância, a brutalização e a degradação moral no pólo oposto.
No ápice do sistema financeiro e monetário do mundo estão os bancos centrais, com poderes aparentemente infinitos de criação de moeda, independentemente do estado de produção de valor (a produção real da economia). Uma classe banqueira (capitalistas monetários) busca ganhos monetários ao investir o capital monetário à sua disposição. Esta classe dita o ritmo da preferência pela liquidez na economia e promove a criação de capital fictício (como a SECURITIZAÇÃO ESPECULATIVA – CRI da LOCALIZA) criado dentro do sistema bancário que é emprestado e rende juros. Além disso, a massificação do crédito serve para promover demanda para absorver a crescente quantidade produzida pelo sistema econômico que assimila técnicas cada vez mais produtivas. Assim, o crédito ao consumidor (muitas vezes predatório Marizeth X Banco BMG) é essencial para a fantasia de "um imaginário" consumo ilimitado.
ANTI-VALOR: A TEORIA DA DESVALORIZAÇÃO
'Nada pode ser um valor sem ser um objeto de utilidade. Se a coisa é inútil, então é o trabalho contido nela a ameaça de desvalorização, de perda de valor, sempre paira sobre o trabalho enquanto circula (O Uber tornou o trabalho do taxista inútil, sem valor; a super oferta de aço desempregou engenheiros como o Ricardo amigo do Pavaozim). Crises ocorrerão se os estoques se acumularem, se o dinheiro ficar ocioso por mais tempo do que o estritamente necessário, se mais estoques forem mantidos por um período maior durante a produção e assim por diante. Uma "crise ocorre não apenas porque uma mercadoria é invendável, mas porque não é vendável dentro de um determinado período de tempo".
Um acúmulo de dívidas (reivindicações/direitos sobre a produção de valor futuro) pode superar a capacidade de produzir e realizar valores excedentes no futuro (Como no Subprime e no Mercado de Casas dos EUA). O anti-valor sinaliza o potencial de ruptura na continuidade da circulação do capital. Ele prefigura como as tendências de crise do capital podem assumir diferentes formas e se movimentar de um momento (produção) para outro (realização). Anti-valor é mensurado pelo estoque da dívida do sistema de crédito. O capital produz um acúmulo de dívidas que precisam ser resgatadas. O futuro da produção de valor é comprometido, o papel imediato das injeções de crédito (pedaladas ou QE) é ressuscitar o capital "morto" para colocá-lo de volta em movimento.
Centros Financeiros como City de Londres, Wall Street, Frankfurt, são centros de formação de anti-valor. O conceito de anti-valor alcança seu apogeu nas desvalorizações massivas que ocorrem nos momentos de grandes crises (Crise de 2008 tudo ficou barato e os capitais abutres fizeram a festa). A perda acumulada (desvalorização) dos valores dos ativos nos Estados Unidos na crise de 2007-2008 foi, por exemplo, algo da ordem de US $ 15 trilhões. Mas essa crescente abundância gera o que Keynes definiu como "armadilha da liquidez". O anti-valor prevalece sobre o valor, porque o valor pode permanecer apenas através do movimento contínuo.
PREÇOS SEM VALORES
Quando dinheiro circula como capital portador de juros, ele funciona como o anti-valor que deve ser e supostamente será resgatado pelo valor futuro e pela produção de mais-valia.
Quando o Federal Reserve e o Banco Central Europeu se envolvem em flexibilização quantitativa (QE), criam dinheiro na ausência de valor. O gap entre o aumento da produção física de mercadorias e sua precificação (estoque monetário) amplia-se catastroficamente. O resultado não é apenas a estagnação secular na produção de valor, mas a criação de um capitalismo Ponzi (pirâmide financeira), que é o caminho perigoso da expansão monetária sem fim que temos vindo a tomar recentemente.
A QUESTÃO DA TECNOLOGIA
A China antiga tinha notáveis técnicas e organizacionais, nenhuma das quais foi amplamente adotada ou durou. Somente sob o capitalismo encontramos uma força sistemática e poderosa de dinamismo tecnológico e organizacional. Essa força, Marx acredita, está concentrada no momento da valorização. O objetivo dos industrialistas não era elevar o padrão de vida do trabalho (embora eles frequentemente afirmassem que era para obter o apoio dos trabalhadores), mas reduzir os salários e aumentar sua mais-valia relativa (lucros apropriados via apropriação pelos capitalistas do aumento da produtividade trazidos pela inovação tecnológica e organizacional). O aumento da mais-valia relativa às vezes anda de mãos dadas com o aumento do padrão físico de vida do trabalho (os preços baixos do Walmart sobre as importações estrangeiras permitem a redução do valor da força de trabalho e o aumento da taxa de lucro para todos os capitalistas nos Estados Unidos).
Os poderes sombrios do anti-valor emergem das sombras para desafiar os controles trabalhistas (Exemplo: Reforma Trabalhista gerou alta da Bolsa de Valores; doutrina de choque/austeridade). A desqualificação e a homogeneização dos processos de trabalho eliminam os poderes de monopólio que derivam das habilidades laborais não replicáveis. Se o trabalho vivo é a fonte de valor e lucro, substituí-lo por trabalho morto ou trabalho robótico não faz sentido nem politicamente e nem economicamente.(TRABALHO MORTO = Robô apenas trabalha e não consome, hoje em dia, pra absorver a crescente oferta é mais importante consumir que trabalhar, o trabalho hoje em dia é mais crítico para gerar renda e consumo do que para gerar produção e aumentar oferta).
O ESPAÇO E O TEMPO DO VALOR
Com a ascensão do capitalismo industrial, “a necessidade de um mercado em constante expansão para seus produtos persegue a burguesia sobre toda a superfície do globo, a burguesia deve portanto se aninhar em todos os lugares, se estabelecer em todos os lugares, estabelecer conexões.
A demanda efetiva é impulsionada pelo consumismo da seguinte forma: expansão quantitativa do consumo existente; em segundo lugar: criar novas necessidades propagando as existentes em um amplo círculo; em terceiro lugar: produção de novas necessidades e descoberta e criação de novos valores de uso (pela indústria da propaganda). O desenvolvimento do mercado mundial, que faz com que o dinheiro se desenvolva para o dinheiro do mundo, enquanto as populações de todo o mundo são colocadas em competição umas com as outras. Um mercado mundial de oferta de trabalho, forjado pela hipermobilidade do capital monetário, está se tornando uma realidade cada vez mais proeminente. O tempo-espaço dos mercados financeiros contemporâneos é completamente diferente do que existia em 1848 (Tempo de Marx). O capital, sendo a força revolucionária que é patentemente, transformou as estruturas espaciais e temporais da vida cotidiana, do cálculo econômico e da administração burocrática e das transações financeiras.
Edifícios (como o prédio da Localiza) na forma de serviço da dívida (anti-valor) e receitas (geração de valor ou apropriação). Os fluxos de valor, argumentamos anteriormente, são imateriais, mas objetivos. "O tempo mecânico de produção, o tempo químico de circulação e o tempo orgânico de reprodução são, assim, enrolados e entrelaçados dentro de um outro, como círculos dentro de círculos, determinando os padrões enigmáticos do tempo histórico, que é o tempo da política". A "matéria escura" do anti-valor, que é distribuída através da circulação de capital que rende juros, exige sua libra de carne na produção de valor futuro, que deve aumentar continuamente para cobrir o custo composto dos pagamentos de juros.
A PRODUÇÃO DE REGIMES DE VALOR
Definições de desejos, necessidades de acordo com a situação natural e cultural e a dinâmica das lutas de classes significam que a equalização da taxa de lucro não será acompanhada de uma equalização da taxa de exploração entre os países.
As consequências são potencialmente de longo alcance, dada a insistência de Marx (e Ricardo) de que o trabalho é a fonte última de valor. O comércio entre um regime de valor intensivo em capital, como o da Alemanha, e regimes de valor com uso intensivo de mão-de-obra, como o Bangladesh, transferirá valor e mais-valia. A resposta está na mercantilização da força de trabalho e na exploração do trabalho vivo na produ��ão. As fábricas de engarrafamento de dívidas de Nova York e Londres que produzem anti-valores buscam a redenção desse valor nas fábricas de Bangladesh e Shenzhen e não nas ruelas de Manhattan. A acumulação de poder de mercado pelos tubarões corporativos permite-lhes engolir os pequenos peixes através de fusões e aquisições. A unificação dos mercados acionários mundiais nos anos 80 também permitiu que esse processo se tornasse global. Nos estágios iniciais da revolução industrial em 1800s, por exemplo, o capital industrial evitou cidades capitalistas mercantis como Liverpool e Bristol e se instalou em pequenas aldeias rurais com nomes como Birmingham e Manchester para evitar o poder do trabalho organizado (sindicatos). A maior parte do valor gerado pela mão-de-obra de baixo custo de México e Polônia é capturada por corporações nos Estados Unidos ou na Alemanha, mesmo quando a mão-de-obra nos Estados Unidos e na Alemanha enfrenta uma concorrência muito maior de trabalhadores estrangeiros. Grande parte da história do capital desde 1945 foi dada à eliminação gradual das barreiras ao comércio por quedas persistentes nos custos de transporte e pela redução gradual das barreiras políticas (por exemplo, tarifas e outras formas de regulação). Os diferenciais entre os regimes de valores regionais estão desaparecendo e estamos mais próximos de um regime de valores globalmente unificado (o fato de a China ainda não ter recebido o status de economia de mercado na OMC nos diz, no entanto, que esse processo está incompleto).
Marx observa uma grande disjunção entre as commodities monetárias globais - ouro e prata. O ouro agia como o sólido e confiável eixo material sobre o qual giravam todas as outras formas fictícias e incontroláveis de dinheiro. Com o tempo, no entanto, o ouro tornou-se cada vez mais irrelevante. Desde a ruptura do padrão ouro-dollar, nos anos 1970s, os EUA imprimiram dólares para compensar o diferencial de competitividade perdido para Japão e a Alemanha Ocidental (nas décadas de 1970 e 1980) e mais recentemente tem impresso dólares para socorrer o sistema bancário e o mercado de ações com flexibilização quantitativa de 2008 a 2013. Com a consolidação do neoliberalismo no Gov. Reagan, nos 1980s, temos o regime de acumulação baseado no 'nexo estado-finanças' do capital (agora constituído pelo Federal Reserve dos EUA e pelo Tesouro dos EUA apoiado pelo FMI e depois pelos outros principais bancos centrais) responsáveis por gerenciar os saldos do dólar no comércio mundial de forma eficaz.
Mesmo na União Europeia, a Zona Euro há um regime de acumulação que propicia ao capital alemão o dominio e a extração do máximo de benefícios, enquanto Grécia, Itália, Portugal e Espanha foram sistematicamente drenados de “valor” (desemprego e precarização do trabalho).
O abandono do acordo Trans-Pacífico por Trump criou uma abertura para a China intervir e construir sua própria versão de um Regime de Acumulação no vácuo criado dos EUA. A explicação de Marx é que o mundo precisa ser estudado e entendido em termos de relações de poder flutuantes entre diferentes regimes de acumulação na economia global. Regime de Acumulação distintos geram efeitos cumulativos distintos como o enorme investimento em educação superior na China ocorrido na década recente.
A LOUCURA DA RAZÃO ECONÔMICA
Marx decidiu dedicar muito do seu esforço intelectual e vida profissional à crítica da economia política e à loucura da razão econômica. “Toda razão que eles (os economistas) colocam contra a crise é uma contradição exorcizada e, portanto, uma contradição real. O desejo de se convencer da inexistência de contradições é, ao mesmo tempo, a expressão de um desejo piedoso de que as contradições, que estão realmente presentes, não devam existir”. A loucura da razão econômica fica disfarçada por formas fetichistas nas quais o dinheiro parece ter o poder mágico de render mais dinheiro sem cessar (meu dinheiro em uma conta de poupança e o dinheiro aumenta a uma taxa composta sem que eu faça nada). Nossa compreensão do mundo é refém da insanidade de uma razão econômica burguesa que não apenas justifica, mas promove a acumulação sem limites, enquanto vende a farsa “do crescimento harmonioso e melhorias contínuas e atingíveis no bem-estar social”. O dinheiro pode acomodar a necessidade infinita de expansão do valor, simplesmente fazendo com que os bancos centrais acrescentem zeros à oferta monetária, que é o que eles fazem através da flexibilização quantitativa (quantitative easing). Isso é um infinito ruim, pois é uma espiral que facilmente foge do controle. No anos 1970s costumávamos falar em termos de milhões, então se tornava bilhões e trilhões e, em breve, teremos de quatrilhões de dólares em circulação, um número que ultrapassa qualquer entendimento real. Isso tudo é claro lastreado apenas pelo poder do estado de tributar que é usado reciprocamente para resgatar bancos em dificuldades.
Os japoneses começaram a exportar capital excedente (investimento no exterior) a partir do final dos anos 1960; a Coreia do Sul seguiu o exemplo no final dos anos 70; e Taiwan no início dos anos 80. E, mais recentemente, a China (suas iniciativas de investimento em mundo tornou-se um investidor internacional ou seja passou a ser uma “capital exportadora”). Em 2008, a China enfrentou uma contração de 30% nas exportações. Fábricas no sul da China estavam fechando. O governo chinês sempre se preocupou com um possível distúrbio social. De alguma forma, a China conseguiu absorver pelo menos 17 milhões de pessoas já em 2009.Nos últimos anos, mais da metade da produção e do uso de aço do mundo ocorreu na China. Usinas de aço de custo mais alto em outros lugares (na Inglaterra, por exemplo) estão sendo forçadas a fechar. Um monte de minério de ferro é necessário para fazer esse aço. Ela vem de lugares distantes como o Brasil e a Austrália. Os países que exportam matérias-primas para a China saíram da recessão de 2007-8 muito rapidamente: Austrália, Chile, Brasil, Zâmbia, juntamente com a Alemanha, que exportou equipamentos de alta tecnologia. Entre 2010 e 2013, os chineses consumiram quase 45% mais cimento do que os Estados Unidos consumiram em todo o século anterior. Em 2007, havia nenhum trem de alta velocidade na China. A China também está exportando tanto aço quanto possível a baixo custo. Em 2015, havia quase 12.000 milhas ligando as principais cidades. Depois de 2008, os chineses copiaram (provavelmente sem saber) o que Louis Bonaparte fez em Paris depois de 1848 e os Estados Unidos tinham feito após a Segunda Guerra Mundial . O esforço de construção em massa na China foi financiado por dívida. A dívida do país quadruplicou entre 2007 e 2015. Em 2016, a dívida formal era de 250% do PIB. A dívida tinha que ser estendida tanto para produção quanto para consumo. A dívida das famílias aumentou dramaticamente (caso contrário, quem compraria todas essas novas unidades habitacionais “as cidades fantasmas”?). O crédito fácil pressionou os preços dos imóveis para cima. Especulação em valores de habitação tornou-se abundante. No verão de 2016, os preços da habitação nacionalmente subiam 7,5% ao ano. Quando a China relaxou seus controles cambiais em 2016, um bando de compradores chineses apareceu em Nova York. Grande parte da dívida é provavelmente tóxica, coberta pela criação de ainda mais dívidas (como acontece nos esquemas Ponzi ou Pirâmide Financeira).
As forças de trabalho do mundo foram trazidas para uma relação competitiva entre si pela diminuição dos custos de transporte e comunicações enquanto o capital está construindo mais cidades para pessoas e instituições para investir, não cidades para as pessoas comuns para viver. Quão sensato é isso? Em 2013, o Brasil estava cheio de dinheiro. Em 2016, estava em profunda recessão. Desde 2014, a maior parte da América Latina tem visto um agravamento econômico cada vez maior, porque o mercado chinês não é tão vigoroso. A alienação no Brasil e nos EUA criou respectivamente coxinhas e trumpistas (quando os trabalhadores pensam mais como consumidores); que são uma massa de trabalhadores que se vêem como consumidores que perderam seus benefícios devido à migração e direitos gerais das minorias. A alienação de trabalhadores se transforma em uma presa fácil para ser lavada pelo discurso demagógico.
This entire review has been hidden because of spoilers.
Profile Image for Laszlo.
153 reviews45 followers
April 6, 2018
If there is one fundamental question that this book essentially explores, it's the following : ''If Capitalism were a character in Alice in Wonderland, which character would it be ?''. To put it simply, it would probably be the character of the Mad Hatter, for what other character can best embody the irrationality of actions and behaviors and the temporal distorsion shared by both: of believing that it is always 6.00 PM or in the case of capital that time can be subdued and sped up to gain more material possessions.

Harvey manages yet again, by virtue of a concise and eloquent exposition and a through his ability to bond with his reader, to navigate the complex and vast works of Marx to understand the complexity and the danger of today's dominant economic system.

Using Marx, Harvey seeks to give us an understanding of the structure and content of his works, the immense debt (irony) we owe him for his works and the great degree to which his theories continue to explain the march of capitalism but also how much more we need to expand and complete his ideas in a world that shifts and changes technologically and is shaped and bent by the will of capital.

Using the theory of circulation of capital, Harvey takes a look at the different facets of how our economic system got to where it is right now (a state of a crisis prone, manic-depressive juggernaut) and the processes that we should understand and expect from a system that is based on an ever expanding and complex structure of debt, fictional value and where the economy not only has stopped playing the role of satisfying the needs of the people who are aggregated in its functioning but that has essentially become a vast Ponzi scheme.
Bankers and investors thrust into a hyperaccelerated system whose only goal is that of accumulation are set to the task of shifting, moving and coming up with new forms of maneuvering a vast amount of money, that has no real value and that circulates in a very complex financial system.

From the way that it affects our social bonds, our perception of time, the importance of commodities, our social environments and our mentalities capitalism in its most vicious form of today threatens the future of our existence by seeking to buy it out through debt and bondage. The great crimes and manipulations happen behind rows upon rows of code, virtual space and of unintelligible technical language and unleash catastrophic consequences in the real world like the crisis of 2007-2008.

This book needs to be read and understood (even if that means putting it down to google or double check a term or an event or do extra research) because it offers one the gateways to understanding the effects of financial capital on our economies but most importantly on our individual lives. An important takeaway from this book for me, that is relevant in our understanding probably of a multitude of concepts not limited to capital, is the areas that we need to defend from the enroachment of capital and that are under constant duress: technology and it potentialities of liberation or oppression, our mental conceptions of the world, our social relations, our relations to nature, the production of commodities and the institutional arrangements of our society.

This book, like Marx and like many other brilliant authors smothered by the stale ideologies of our time and layers of illusions that capital has constructed, simply wishes for us to come to grips with our position as the Dormouse and to finally wake up and stop letting the March Hare and the Hatter from dipping our heads in the teapot, while we dream of being Alice.
Profile Image for F J Gilbert.
60 reviews
February 25, 2019
I found this book one of the best and most convincing explanations of Marx's theory of capital, which Harvey defines not as 'money' but as 'value in motion'. Money is a fictional concept which is given value by people believing in it as valuable.

Key quotes: 'Most work in the social sciences favours some 'single bullet' theory of social change. Institutionalists favour institutional innovations, economic determinists favour new technologies of production, socialists and anarchists favour class struggle...Marx cannot and must not be read as a single bullet theorist...In Marx's substantive work, there is no prime mover, but a mess of often contradictory movements...' (p. 114)

'If the circulation of capital is under immense competitive pressure to accelerate, then this requires speed-up in consumption. I still use my grandparents' knives and forks. If capital produced only items of this sort it would long ago fallen into permanent crisis. Capital evolves a whole range of tactics, from planned obsolescence to mobilising advertising pressures and fashion as tools of persuasion, all in the cause of accelerating turnover time in consumption.' (p. 198)

'Capital, we have argued, is value in motion. Within the circulation process of capital, blockages periodically appear...In the crisis that ensues, 'everyone has good to sell and cannot sell, even though have to sell in order to pay...Factories stand idle, raw materials pile up, finished products flood the market as commodities...' (Marx, Das Capital, Vol. 3, p. 164) This is the madness which we have lived through time and time again again over the last forty years.' (p. 208)

For me, the book really showed how Marx was extremely perceptive in his analysis of the problems of capitalism, and revealed how he was a complex thinker, whose theoretical framework still has validity today.
Profile Image for C.
174 reviews208 followers
November 22, 2017
For starters Harvey seems to have just ignored all Mattick's cogent criticisms from long ago:

https://thenextrecession.files.wordpr...

One could quite literally copy and paste that Mattick review as a 2017 review of this new book by Harvey, and no one could tell the difference.

Moreover, I find the audience the book is intended for, and its style of presentation to be radically divorced.

If the title was "Harvey, capital, and the madness of economic reason", I would be more kind in my star rating, but passing off your own ideas as if they're Marx's, and also criticizing Marx's ideas, when you've deliberately twisted them to try to fit your theory, and they don't work, is pretty lame.
Profile Image for Stephen.
116 reviews
January 2, 2018
This ended up denser than I had expected, but well worth the time and effort. No one does Marxplaining better than Harvey as he is always ready to call him out for things he missed, places he didn't go far enough on, and places where we need more, contemporary analysis. At the same time, the narrative presented is one in which Marx's analysis is overwhelmingly relevant to our times. Everyone needs to read this stuff if we're gonna ever find our way out of this mess.
111 reviews17 followers
October 23, 2018
A clear-headed and devastating critique of the spiralling crisis inherent in the economic reason of our times. Harvey does not wander far from Marx and from 'The Capital' in constructing his arguments, but he is masterful in his ability to make the philosopher frighteningly relevant to the times we are living through.
Profile Image for Ieva Jusionyte.
Author 3 books50 followers
January 1, 2019
The last chapter alone, on the madness of economic reason, is the most insightful critical take on the present day economic and political realities I’ve read in a while. It builds on what comes before - meticulous analysis of capital as value in motion in Marx’s texts. Not an easy book, but one that invites to think.
Profile Image for Kathy.
27 reviews17 followers
March 16, 2021
An illuminating read that brings Marx's intellectual strength to the fore, as it addresses the misconceptions about Marx's theories on revolution, that are long held. An inspiring dive into the madness of modern day economics with Marx's Capital as the relevant backdrop, lending much intellectual resonance to Marx writings.
Profile Image for Rowena Abdul Razak.
68 reviews3 followers
May 19, 2018
Excellent critique on Marxism while applies Marxist theory to the current global economy and decent crises
Profile Image for Matt.
1,431 reviews14 followers
August 24, 2019
Very difficult to process but I kept at it....
Why does Flint Michigan still not have clean water?
Profile Image for Josh.
37 reviews13 followers
February 13, 2022
Man, this was some real “eat your vegetables” reading. But if you’re at all like me, someone who is into history and wants to understand the mechanisms of capital that shape the world around us, while knowing in your heart that you’ll never make it through all 3 volumes of Capital, this is the next best thing. Harvey for the most part explains the more abstract economic concepts with historical/contemporary examples like the the post WW2 economic boom in the US, the neoliberal restructuring in the 70s/80s and the ‘07-8 financial crisis. The laws of value and logic of capitalism that Marx revealed have played a huge part in creating our current situation, and continue to dictate the ruling class’s response to present and future crises.
Profile Image for Soph Nova.
404 reviews26 followers
October 17, 2019
I read this as a primer before a group of folks in my local DSA chapter starts reading Capital. It is helpful in some aspects with demystifying terminology, but definitely is not a 101 (hence the 4 stars, as that’s what it felt marketed as). It felt like I did have a few key aha! moments during this though, like an in depth analysis on why time-banking + alternative currencies are bunk, specificity on how capital flows from the Global South to the Global North, and a clear explication of the definition of capital as “value in motion”.
Profile Image for Frank D'hanis junior.
193 reviews13 followers
October 24, 2020
Pretty good refresh of my Marxist basics, though I'm not enough up-to-date with current Marxist discussion to tell what's so specific about Harvey's outlook. It is obvious though that he is an excellent geographer and he is very apt to apply Marx's value theory to the modern globalist economy.
Profile Image for Billie Pritchett.
1,202 reviews121 followers
December 4, 2022
David Harvey sets out to demonstrate the relevance of Marx's value theory to contemporary society but gets sidetracked. Quickly. And often. The book reads as though Harvey hadn't decided on the thesis until the book's coda but by then he realized the book didn't follow the thesis, and yet Harvey nonetheless published the monograph anyway, more or less as is. The thesis seems to be that Marx's value theory sheds light on the biggest problem we face today in political economy, namely the way in which economic overproduction, far from serving our needs, undermines them, in the process devastating our natural and social ecologies. If only Harvey had stayed on track.

Rather than read this work, I would recommend reading Harvey's companion volumes to Marx's Capital as well as Capital itself. As for contemporary researchers who try to do what Harvey tried to do in this book, i.e. apply Marx's critique of political economy to contemporary society, I can't recommend anyone, I'm sorry, since I'm not too familiar with the literature.

If this book has any upside, it's Harvey's interesting point about how much of the activity that contemporary economies engage in through credit monies actually creates no value since credit is the promise of the creation of future value to redeem a debt. That's a fascinating insight, I think, that much of the work that economies are doing is in fact not creating value.
Profile Image for Joseph Spuckler.
1,517 reviews32 followers
October 8, 2020
Marx, Capital, and the Madness of Economic Reason by David Harvey is a modern critique of Marx's three volumes of Capital. Harvey is the Distinguished Professor of Anthropology at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York (CUNY). A leading social theorist of international standing, he graduated from University of Cambridge with a Ph.D. in Geography in 1961.

Madness seems to be the description of modern capitalism.  It's destroying the planet.  It is built like a Ponzi scheme were continual growth is required to keep it alive.  It's nearing its limits as an economic system.  Wages have remained stagnant in the US while the standard of living is propped up by cheap imports and rising personal debt (not to mention worldwide debt).  More and more people around the world are buying cars only to sit in them for hours in traffic.  Climate change is real and brought on by mankind by the burning of hydrocarbons and the stripping of the land.  We have planned obsolescence of consumer goods.  We are hit at every turn with fees; look at a cell phone bill, for example.  Companies charge convenience fees to pay online over mailing a check.  As a whole, we are not living as well as our parents did.  We, as a whole, also, don't have the jobs that gave us affordable comprehensive health care.  Skilled labor is disappearing as industries deskill the labor force and create a surplus of workers to keep jobs scarce.  We are living in times much like those Marx and Engles had witnessed in their lifetimes. 

Harvey covers all three volumes of Capital with real-world explanations and where Marx got things wrong.  Marx many times forget to take into account expanding technology.  Machines were seen and are things not to make the worker's job easier but as something to increase profits.  Today machines take many old jobs away as well as the expansion of globalization.  In early industrial England, wages were set to the price of bread.  Workers had to eat to remain productive.  To increase profits, industrial leaders pushed for laws allowing the importation of cheap grain.  Workers backed this idea; cheaper bread meant better living.  Industrialists supported it because they could keep wages lower if bread was cheaper maximizing their profits.   Today this exists in the big box stores keeping prices down so workers do not realize their wages are stagnating and subsidized processed food keeps prices down so we think we are well fed.  

One particular case in the book concerns China.  It is 200 years of capitalism rolled up into a handful of decades.  When thinking of New York City, Los Angeles, the highway systems, and the concrete sprawl of America consider that in the 100 years between 1900-1999 the United States used 4,500 million tons of concrete to build all of that.  Between 2011 -2013 China used 6,500 million tons of concrete. In a two year period, China used more concrete than the US did in 100 years.  The banking crisis that started in the US in 2007-2008 could have been a worldwide disaster.  When US and western markets crashed, imports went down.  China found itself in a crisis.  A totalitarian state does not want labor unrest and with millions now out of work China began a massive public works project.  Roads, dams, and even ghost cities were built with borrowed money.  The government told the banks to loan money and loans pour out of the banks.  China prevented its collapse by temporarily diverting labor to other projects until the crisis passed.  The command economy of China is not Marxist; it is a totalitarian system that mimicked a century of capitalism in a handful of years.  China, like the US, now sits under a mountain of debt.  

Harvey writes an interesting study of Capitalism as seen by Marx and sometimes as revised for the modern world.  The ideas are the same.  Capitalism exists not to make a better life for everyone, but to maximize profits.  Totalitarian regimes paid lip service to Marx in the past but none really came close to following his theories, hence, Leninism, Stalinism, and Maoism where Marx was merely a wrapper covering atrocities.  Today, in America, socialism is misunderstood and feared.  People hate socialism except for public roads, public parks, public schools, subsidized food...  Some of that has changed after the bank collapse and the recognition that hard work and a good education will still leave many poor and deeper in debt.  The 1% has changed from being a symbol of outlaw motorcycle gangs to bankers, vulture capitalist, and CEOs.  

No one is saying that we need a revolution or the Marx was 100% correct.  We have seen what capitalism can and will do when its free to operate on its own or even forced as the case of China.  Instead of condemning Marx to the dustbin of history we need to take look at it without the lens of the Cold War.  Marxism did have a positive effect on Europe in the mid to late1800s.  Workers organized work weeks were shortened.  Leisure and vacations became more common for workers.  Labor is an important part of any economy but rarely gets the respect it deserves.  
Profile Image for Frank Peter.
194 reviews16 followers
August 2, 2018
Not useless, but as "an exposition of Marx's thought" also not quite as helpful as I hoped. There's a lot of stuff in there that felt like filler to me, entire chapters were devoted to pointless and lengthy explanations of the painfully obvious (e.g. capitalism changes the built environment) or seemed devoted to ideas that are more Harvey's than Marx's. At the same time it lacked any discussion of some of Marx's ideas I was hoping to learn more about. There is nothing in here about Marx's 'base and superstructure' ideas for instance. Also, and this might be my lack of familiarity with the substance, but I found Harvey's explanations often very confusing, very wordy, and often lacking a clear point.

But it did taught some things, among which is some insight on the fatal contraction at the root of what Marx saw as "the most important law of political economy". So that's at least something. But ultimately this book, like capitalism, has failed to satisfy my wants, needs, and desires, as I am now still on the lookout for "an exposition of Marx's thought".
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