Cross Creek, Florida, is a real place, with a zip code of 32640; but don’t be surprised if you meet readers who truly believe that Cross Creek is strictly a literary construct, like William Faulkner’s Yoknapatawpha County. The vividness with which author Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings brings the place to life in her 1942 autobiographical memoir Cross Creek is so complete that one might be forgiven for believing that the area only existed in the mind of a talented author with an extraordinary gift for conveying a sense of place.
Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings’s life was associated with many different places – D.C., Wisconsin, Kentucky, New York, Maryland – but when she relocated to an unincorporated community called Cross Creek in northern Florida, she found the patch of ground with which her life and writing would be forever associated. Her close observation of the north Florida landscape and culture nourished literary works like her debut novel, South Moon Under (1937). She is probably best-known for her 1939 novel The Yearling; that tale of a young boy and the orphaned fawn he adopted was the best-selling novel of its time, and was later adapted into an Oscar-winning 1946 film that starred a young Gregory Peck.
Having achieved such success in bringing Cross Creek to the attention of the world, Rawlings in her book Cross Creek set out to convey her sense of her community within the genre context of what we today might call creative nonfiction. From its beginnings, Cross Creek sets forth a vivid sense of the north Florida landscape, in the same manner that drew readers to South Moon Under and The Yearling, as Rawlings writes that “Cross Creek is a bend in a country road by land, and the flowing of Lochloosa Lake into Orange Lake, by water” (p. 1). And, as in her novels, Rawlings links what is unique about the people with what is unique about the landscape, writing archly that “Madness is only a variety of mental nonconformity and we are all individualists here” (p. 1).
The 1930’s and 1940’s were a heyday for Southern U.S. literature; it was a time when writers like William Faulkner and Ellen Glasgow and Thomas Wolfe were publishing prize-winning and sometimes best-selling work. It was also a time when the American South was widely described as having a “sense of place” that was thought to be lacking in other regions of the United States. Accordingly, Southern readers might have been particularly apt to respond positively to Rawlings’s statement, early in Cross Creek, that “We cannot live without the earth or apart from it, and something is shrivelled in a man’s heart when he turns away from it and concerns himself only with the affairs of men” (p. 2), or to her suggestion that the pine trees and the gall-berry bushes and the jorees “were on earth before us, and will survive after us, and it is given to us to join ourselves with them and to be comforted” (p. 4).
Rawlings combines her appreciation for the Florida landscape with a mellifluous writing style in descriptive passages like this one:
Enchantment lies in different things for each of us. For me, it is in this: to step out of the bright sunlight into the shade of orange trees; to walk under the arched canopy of their jade-like leaves; to see the long aisles of lichened trunks stretch ahead in a geometric rhythm; to feel the mystery of a seclusion that yet has shafts of light striking through it. This is the essence of an ancient and secret magic. It goes back, perhaps, to the fairy tales of childhood, to Hansel and Gretel, to Babes in the Wood, to Alice in Wonderland, to all half-luminous places that pleased the imagination as a child. It may go back still further, to racial Druid memories, to an atavistic sense of safety and delight in an open forest. And after long years of spiritual homelessness, of nostalgia, here is that mystic loveliness of childhood again. Here is home. An old thread, long tangled, comes straight again. (p. 5)
It sometimes happens that a person from one place finds their home in another place – as seems to have happened when Rawlings, a person with no Florida roots whatsoever, found her way to little Cross Creek, a settlement of seven families, five white and two African American. She writes of her arrival at the place where she found her voice as a writer that “When I came to the Creek, and knew the old grove and farmhouse at once as home, there was some terror, such as one feels in the first recognition of a human love – for the joining of person to place, as of person to person, is a commitment to shared sorrow, even as to shared joy” (p. 6).
It is not as if her transition to Florida life was easy; relatives in Maryland expressed alarm at her plans to farm in the Sunshine State, and Rawlings writes of those times that “It is more important to live the life one wishes to live, and to go down with it if necessary, quite contentedly, than to live more profitably but less happily” (p. 13).
Nevertheless, she persisted; and her appreciation for the Florida landscape where she made her home is palpable. Of the open Florida hammock that she described so vividly in South Moon Under and The Yearling, she writes, “I do not understand how any one can live without some small piece of enchantment to turn to”, and adds that “It is impossible to be among the woods animals on their own ground without a feeling of expanding one’s own world, as when any foreign country is visited” (p. 27).
Every aspect of Florida life seems poetic to Rawlings. Of the small, inch-long frogs that one sees so often throughout the state, she writes that “Their eyes are tiny moonstones”, and that “If frogs an inch long have never been carved in apple-green jade, they should be.” For good manner, she says of the frogs’ night-time song that, “just as I have wept over the Brahms waltz in A-flat on a master’s violin, I thought my heart would break with the beauty of it” (p. 107).
Taking the reader through the cycle of the seasons, Rawlings writes of bees in the long humid Florida summertime that “They work leisurely, dipping into the long heavy sprays of the palmetto bloom, stabbing carelessly the pink tarflowers, the gallberries, the andromeda, and what may be left over of flowers in the garden. They know there will be long months of sweetness and there is no longer any hurry” (p. 201). In wintertime, orange farms like Rawlings’s must light fatwood fires to keep the oranges in the groves from being ruined by a freeze; and of that spectacle, Rawlings writes that “I have seen no more beautiful thing in my life….It is doubly beautiful for the danger and the struggle, like a beloved friend for whose life one battles, drinking in the well known features that may be taken away forever” (p. 251).
Throughout Cross Creek, Rawlings connects her affinity for the Florida landscape with her feelings about life itself: “It was important only to keep close enough to the pulse to feel its rhythm, to be comforted by its steadiness, to know that Life is vital, and one’s own minute living a torn fragment of the larger cloth” (p. 28).
Writers who are interested in hearing about how other authors have transmuted their own life experiences and observations into literary fiction may benefit from reading passages like the one where Rawlings talks about a family that squatted for a time in a vacant tenant cabin on her land. The woman’s “fierce pride” impressed Rawlings so much that “The woman came to me in my dreams and tormented me”, to the point that “The only way I could shake myself free of her was to write of her” (p. 50), as she eventually did in two separate novels.
One of the most challenging aspects of reading Cross Creek involves dealing with the author’s seemingly contradictory attitudes with regard to race. On the one hand, Rawlings seems to have believed in the existence of some sort of racial hierarchy; on the other hand, she befriended prominent African Americans of Florida, such as Mary McLeod Bethune and Zora Neale Hurston, and invited Hurston to stay at her home, in violation of the strict segregationist laws and norms of that place and time. She does emphasize the individuality of the African Americans about whom she writes, as when she describes Martha, who worked as a domestic servant in Rawlings’s home. Rawlings emphasizes Martha’s quiet, undeniable power within the household, stating that “I can see Martha behind the scenes, managing, manipulating”, and adding that “Martha will have a finger in my pie from beyond the grave” (p. 151).
In Rawlings’s own time, some of her Cross Creek neighbors did not like one bit the way they were depicted in books like Cross Creek. Outside that village, by contrast, Floridians have always appreciated the loving care with which Rawlings wrote about their state; today, the house where she lived and wrote is a state park in the Alachua County town of Hawthorne. While some aspects of her writing – particularly, her attitudes regarding race – might not stand up well to modern scrutiny, her gift for descriptive writing and her sense of landscape still come through well, as will be evident to any reader of Cross Creek.