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The Caste of Merit: Engineering Education in India

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How the language of "merit" makes caste privilege invisible in contemporary India.

Just as Americans least disadvantaged by racism are most likely to endorse their country as post‐racial, Indians who have benefited from their upper-caste affiliation rush to declare their country post‐caste. In The Caste of Merit, Ajantha Subramanian challenges this comfortable assumption by illuminating the controversial relationships among technical education, caste formation, and economic stratification in modern India. Through in-depth study of the elite Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs)—widely seen as symbols of national promise—she reveals the continued workings of upper-caste privilege within the most modern institutions.

Caste has not disappeared in India but instead acquired a disturbing invisibility—at least when it comes to the privileged. Only the lower castes invoke their affiliation in the political arena, to claim resources from the state. The upper castes discard such claims as backward, embarrassing, and unfair to those who have earned their position through hard work and talent.

Focusing on a long history of debates surrounding access to engineering education, Subramanian argues that such defenses of merit are themselves expressions of caste privilege. The case of the IITs shows how this ideal of meritocracy serves the reproduction of inequality, ensuring that social stratification remains endemic to contemporary democracies.

384 pages, Hardcover

Published December 3, 2019

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Ajantha Subramanian

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Displaying 1 - 9 of 9 reviews
Profile Image for Rick Sam.
443 reviews161 followers
July 8, 2021
1. Why read this Book?

I grew up in Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu.

Considering Chennai or Bangalore —Tirunelveli is not considered big city.

From Tirunelveli — I moved to Chennai. My favorite memory, first train trip to Marina Beach.

I used to commute from Potheri to Egmore with excitement for eating at Saravana Bavan, Subway, Buhari Restaurant. Those were popular among peers.

During those times, we were fed with doctor or engineering narrative.

Unfortunately, most parents would not be aware of - Why? How? these narratives were formed historically.

I’d say, part of the narrative is socio-economic fissures in society.

Although, that was the narrative, I’d say, in the future — depending on political, socio-economic, global market and jobs; it is bound to change.

So - Why again?

You might come with broader contextual understanding of society, history, might help you to navigate future.

2. What I learnt from this work?

After reading this work, I got a glimpse of political institutions, socio-political landscape of communities in India.

One would also understand socio-economic understanding of classes in India.

I saw how IITians from 1960’s, 70’s lived in a different era.

Their aspirations were completely different than what current generation aspires.

Mostly shapes from alumni and industry leaders.

This makes me always think that —the world is changing, market is changing.

However — core principles would remain the same i.e socio-economic narrative and status.

My own quote, "Always keep reinvesting on yourself, keep adapting, keep learning until the day, the lights in your world turn off."

3. What does this Book talk about?

Professor Ajantha Subramanian uses Ethnography in her methodology.
In Ethnography, hands on from home cultural, using qualitative methods.

She picks IIT Madras specifically —gives journey of alumni, which is rare to be part of public domain.

Quick glimpse of content in the book:

Introduction

1. The Colonial Career of Technical Knowledge
2. Building the IITs
3. Challenging Hierarchies of Value in Madras
4. IIT Madras’s 1960s Generation
5. Testing Merit
6. Contesting Reservation
7. Brand IIT
8. Conclusion

4. What are my favorite parts from the Book?

My favorite parts were stories of alumni, coaching institutions, trends in students in each generation. Regional cliques among students in IIT was familiar to me.

Surprisingly, I found cliques among Indians — during my college years - How?

Linguistic unity triumphed over, “I’m Indian.”

Stories of West Germany ties with IIT Madras, political context of early foundation of India, played major role of jobs for early IITians.

I found from my own experience, “I’m Tamil or Madrasi” not Indian.

Unfortunately, I am not accepted equally by other Indians.

5. Where is the meat of this book?

To help you navigate, you can turn to Chapter 6.

In Chapter 6, The Author addresses the role of the IITs in transforming caste privilege into merit in Contesting Reservation.

6. What are my own thoughts?

I'm reflecting about socio-economic policies of Tamil Nadu, having read works of political history.

My own journey, How did Tamil Nadu grow socio-economically from 1960's to contemporary world?

In 1960's, Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh were equal economically.

Around 2005, Tamil Nadu’s per capita income grew faster than Uttar Pradesh’s by 128 percent.

In 2021, Tamil Nadu is India’s second-largest economy despite being only its sixth most populous state.

One narrative, I found in Kartik Akileswaran's writing on Tony Blair Institute for Global Change.

I am not sure, perhaps, would like to understand contextual situation, policies of socio-economic narrative of Tamil Nadu with depth.

7. Who would I recommend this?

I would recommend this to anyone who is interested in Tamil Nadu, Political History, Technical Education, Socio-Economic narrative in India.

This work could be understood contextually.

Earlier, I read, Tamil Brahmins by CJ Fuller


The Book is reader friendly, organized.


Deus Vult,
Gottfried
Profile Image for Gowtham.
249 reviews50 followers
July 1, 2020
“The caste of merit - Engineering education in india” கடந்த வாரம் “தி இந்து” ஆங்கில பத்திரிகையில் இந்த நூல் விமர்சனம் வந்திருந்தது. பொருளாதார ஆய்வறிஞர் ஜெயரஞ்சன் அய்யாவும் இந்நூலை ஒரு காணொளியில் குறிப்பிட்டு இருந்தார். பின் தேடி பிடித்து வாசிக்க தொடங்கினேன்.

இந்தியாவில் பொறியியல் துறையின் ஒரு சுருக்கமான வரலாற்று நூலாகவும். IITல் பார்ப்பனர்- பார்ப்பனர் அல்லாதார் பற்றிய சமுகவியல் ஆய்வு நூலாகவும் இதை எடுத்துக்கொள்ளலாம். மிக அரிய முக்கியமான செய்திகளையும், இந்திய விடுதலைக்கு பிறகான தொழில்துறையையும்/தொழிற்கல்வியையும் பார்ப்பனர் எப்படி அபகரித்து கொண்டனர் என்பதையும் தெளிவாக விளக்கும்.

பொறியியல் படிக்கும் பலருக்கும் ஏன் இந்த படிப்பு “Practical” முறையில் இல்லாமல் “Theoritical”லாகவே இருக்கு.என்ற கேள்வி ஒருமுறையேனும் எழுந்திருக்கும் அதற்கான காரணம் இப்புத்தகத்தில் தெளிவுபடுத்தப்பட்டுள்ளது. இந்த மாற்றத்திற்கும் சாதியத்திற்கும் என்ன தொடர்பு என்பது அதிர்ச்சிக்குரிய ஒன்று.

IIT - ஐயர் ஐயங்கார் டெக்னாலஜி ஆனது எப்படி? ஏன் பார்ப்பனர் ஆதிக்கம் அங்கு உயர்ந்தது ? அவர்களுடைய social capital எப்படி வேலைசெய்கிறது? என்ற பல கேள்விக்கான பதில்கள் இந்நூலில் அடங்கும்.

இதை தாண்டி இடஒதுக்கீடு பற்றியும், அதற்கான எதிர்ப்புகள் பற்றியும், அது மெட்ராஸ் ஐஐடி-யில் எவ்வித மாற்றத்தை நிகழ்த்தியது, தமிழகத்தில் திராவிட மற்றும் பார்ப்பனர் அல்லாதார் அரசியல் எப்படி இயங்கியது, அது எவ்வித தாக்கத்தை ஐஐடி யில் ஏற்படுத்தியது என்பதையும் நுணுக்கி கூறும்.

மேலும் IIT/IITians என்பது எப்படி ஒரு Brand ஆகா மாறியது, பயிற்சி நிறுவனங்கள் இந்த போக்கை எப்படி மாற்றியமைத்தன என்பதையும், அவர்களின் வெளிநாட்டு இடப்பெயர்வு முக்கியமாக அமெரிக்காவில் [silicon valley] எவ்வித மாற்றத்தை உண்டாக்கியது என்பதையும் அதில் சாதியத்தின் பங்கையும் விளக்குகிறது.

இந்நூலின் சிறப்பாக நான் கருதுவது பல ஐஐடி முன்னாள் மாணவர்களுடன் நடந்த உரையாடல்கள் இடம்பெற்றுள்ளது . பல பார்ப்பன மாணவர்கள் Merit என்ற பெயரில் நவீன தீண்டாமையை எப்படி நிறுவினார்கள் என்பதை தங்களின் வாக்குமூலங்கள் மூலமே தெளிவுபடுத்துயுள்ளார்கள். சில பிற்படுத்தப்பட்ட மற்றும் தலித் மாணவர்களுடனான உரையாடல்களும் இடம்பெற்றுள்ளன.

நூல் வாசித்து கொண்டிருக்கும் போதே ஒரு சிந்தனை தோன்றியது, பார்ப்பனர்களிடம் இருந்து நாம் ஒரு பண்பை மட்டும் கற்றுக்கொள்ள வேண்டும் அவர்கள் தங்கள் இனத்தவர்களை எந்த சூழ்நிலையிலும் விட்டு கொடுப்பதில்லை, எங்கெல்லாம் அவர்கள் இருக்கிறார்களோ அங்கெல்லாம் அந்த கூட்டம் இருக்கும். அதற்கு பல அரசு துறைகளும், தனியார் நிறுவனங்களும், ஏன் உச்ச நீதிமன்றமே சாட்சி. இனிமேலாவது கிணற்று தவலைகள் போல் இல்லாமல் ஒருவருக்கொருவர் உதவி செய்து முன்னேற வாய்ப்புகளை ஏற்படுத்திக்கொள்ள வேண்டும்.

பொறியியல் படித்த/படிக்கும் மாணவர்கள் அவசியம் வாசிக்கவேண்டிய நூல். இந்தியாவில் [முக்கியமாக தமிழகத்தில்] பொறியியல் படிப்பில் சாதியின் பங்கு மற்றும் ஐஐடி பார்ப்பன Merit-அரசியல் பற்றிய மிக சிறந்த சமகால ஆய்வு நூல் என்பதில் சந்தேகம் இல்லை.

BOOK: The caste of merit -Engineering education in india.

AUTHOR: Ajantha subramaniyan

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431 reviews5 followers
September 15, 2021
A great review of how caste affinity and hegemony has been consolidated within engineering institutes
Profile Image for Arathy.
399 reviews10 followers
June 22, 2024
Always knew something weird was going on in engineering schools, and this is a great overview of it.
Profile Image for Shineson Anarky.
16 reviews6 followers
July 12, 2022
We talk about merit. What is the merit of the system itself? That the section which has 52% of the population gets 12.55% in Government employment. What is the merit of the system? That in Class I employees of the Government it gets only 4.69%, for 52% of the population in decision-making at the top echelons it is not even one-tenth of the population of the country; in the power structure it hardly 4.69. I want to challenge first the merit of the system itself before we come and question on the merit, whether on merit to reject this individual or that. And we want to change the structure basically, consiciously, with open eyes. And I know when changing the structures comes, there will be resistance....
- V.P. Singh, Indian Prime Minister who implemented Mandal Commission recommendations on OBC reservations.
"The caste of Merit" is an interesting read which discusses the interplay of caste in engineering education with focus on IIT Madras. The author's choice of IIT Madras is interesting as it stood as an isolated example in a state where reservation is synonymous with social justice, even in the pre-DMK era. Champakam Dorairajan vs State of Madras, in which Madras HC stuck down the Communal GO, lead to the historic first constitutional amendment in 1951.
The author dissects the "innate ability", a flaunted marker of merit. "Innate ability" is shown as a result of accumulation of social capital in a society which is structually unequal by virtue of caste differentiation. Further this "innate ability" narrative is pushed by the "unreserved", who believes themselves to be casteless against the reservation candidates who are perceived to be illegitimate.
The book also chronicles the caste tensions resulting from 1973 SC/ST reservations, 2006 OBC reservations which continues till date.
A must read for understanding the caste dynamics in modern higher educations in the "elite" engineering institutions.
Profile Image for LaanSiBB.
305 reviews18 followers
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June 13, 2020
Since the promotion of tech and engineering education after India Independence in 1947, the emergence of the middle class has been devoting their next generations into novel IT for social levelling. Revisioning this phenomenon with post-colonial discourse is critical, especially mapping the transformation of caste under technological development. Whether IT serves as a new field to support the caste system through self-identified culture or destruction of the system through social mobilities, there is significant historical evidence to support their intersectionality.

The commentary on silicon valley and Indian migrants is also interesting, as it relates back to the haunting colonial English master who promised to deliver modernity to India. Yet, should we account for this cultural analysis? If yes, how do we know? Clearly we can neither prove nor falsify, but it pinpoints the epistemological conception of knowledge embodiment through occupations. Studying stratification has become more difficult as the acceleration of institutional complex, it might be sensible to prompt oral history of these IT professionals for a nuance revision of history.

Though, it is a great attempt to subject technology to give critical insight for sociology and postcolonial studies, as many scholars still believe these fields are unconnected.
Profile Image for Sruthi Ranjani.
24 reviews22 followers
September 20, 2021
I'm glad I took my time with this book. While the gist of the argument can be gleaned from the author's shorter research paper on the same topic, small details from the personal interviews make the book so much richer. A tiny section titled "The Coached" in one of the chapters, to me, was a bit too short—I think there is so much more to be studied/uncovered there. A follow-up book that includes interviews with more recent IITM alumni would be a really interesting read.
Profile Image for Akhil Kang.
48 reviews26 followers
April 27, 2024
Chapters on histories of IITs in India is quite useful. The book does what it's supposed to do - get engineers to read this book? lolz
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