Η ψυχολογία σε κόμικς

by Danny Oppenheimer, Grady Klein (Illustrator), Έρρικα Πάλλη (Translator)

ΕΝΑΣ ΒΡΑΒΕΥΜΕΝΟΣ ΚΟΜΙΣΤΑΣ ΕΝΩΝΕΙ ΤΙΣ ΔΥΝΑΜΕΙΣ ΤΟΥ ΜΕ ΕΝΑΝ ΒΡΑΒΕΥΜΕΝΟ ΨΥΧΟΛΟΓΟ ΓΙΑ ΝΑ ΜΥΗΣΟΥΝ ΤΟΥΣ ΑΝΑΓΝΩΣΤΕΣ ΣΤΟΝ ΠΕΡΙΠΛΟΚΟ ΚΑΙ ΣΥΧΝΑ ΔΙΑΣΚΕΔΑΣΤΙΚΟ ΚΟΣΜΟ ΤΗΣ ΨΥΧΟΛΟΓΙΑΣ.

Η ψυχολογία είναι η μελέτη της ανθρώπινης συμπεριφοράς. Πρόκειται για μια σοβαρή και αξιόλογη προσπάθεια που μας έχει δώσει επιστημονικές γνώσεις για τον τρόπο που αντιλαμβάνεται ο νους μας τον κόσμο. Κι όμως, όπως επισημαίνουν ο κομίστας Γκρέιντι Κλάιν και ο ψυχολόγος Ντάνι Οπενχάιμερ, η μελέτη της ανθρώπινης εμπειρίας μπορεί να είναι συχνά πραγματικά διασκεδαστική.

Στο κάτω κάτω της γραφής, πρόκειται για τον τομέα εκείνο που έφερε στο προσκήνιο σκύλους που τρέχουν τα σάλια τους, αρουραίους που τσιμπολογούν και «φροϋδικές ολισθήσεις». Με λεπτομερείς παρατηρήσεις σχετικά με την αντίληψη, το στρες, τα συναισθήματα, τη γνωστική λειτουργία και άλλα, το βιβλίο αυτό προσφέρει σε φοιτητές και φιλομαθείς αναγνώστες έναν ψυχαγωγικό οδηγό σχετικά με τους τρόπους που ο εγκέφαλός μας μας καθοδηγεί σε απίστευτα περίπλοκα περιβάλλοντα και παράλληλα μας ξεγελάει με συναρπαστικό τρόπο.

Genres: Psychology, Comics, Nonfiction, Graphic Novels, Bande Dessinée, Science, Graphic Novels Comics

240 pages, Paperback

First published December 5, 2017

Reviews

[Diane · Rating 3 out of 5]

This is an interesting overview of psychology, told with cartoon illustrations. It has basic content from an introductory textbook, but the explanations are not in-depth.

For example, there is a brief mention of the Dunning-Kruger effect, but if I didn't already know what that was, I wouldn't have understood it, because the explanation given was so cursory.

I'm interested in the social sciences, which is why I picked up this book. Some of the comics were entertaining and the examples were humorous, but I'm not sure how useful it would be to a student of psychology.

[Jurij Fedorov · Rating 2 out of 5]

Introduction
What the heck?
3,5/10

Basically a bunch of comic book images with text saying that humans have feelings and behaviors and that we can study these behaviours instead of explaining how psychology studies are done or defining terms. This is a total waste of time.

Part One:
Making sense of the world
Perception and attention
5,5/10

When there is a lack of info we fill out the gaps with our prior knowledge about the world. There is too much information overall so we don’t notice things we don’t focus on. What we focus on is what we perceive.


Ehhhh, the chapter is a very basic intro to the subjective reality of perception. The comic book drawings are black and white so not always easy or fun to read. And the drawings are a huge mess. We move from character to character from fantasy to reality. There are like 15 characters in this chapter. The authors do show a few experiments, but only via drawings and they don’t explain them. I’m not sure if this is good for kids? Too complicated in my view. It’s also a bad intro anyhow as we don’t learn anything. It’s an overview without info on topics. “Reality is subjective” is not really a new lesson for anyone. I wanted new and clever explanations to make me see psychology from a new light and this is somewhat in that direction as the “the mind fills out patterns” is a good way to explain some biases. But we never really dive into any science or theory.

Some studies presented. I can’t remember the names of all these studies so I’m just referring to them so that anyone who read psychology will recognize them all easily: Basketball/gorilla. Wrong color color words. Number of words hard to perceive if they are number words. Ask for direction, replace the person with another person to confuse the guy responding. Gestalt. Eyes perceive movement too.

Learning
4,5/10

Classical conditioning, operant conditioning, social learning. Little Albert, Skinner’s box, Albert Bandura, learned helplessness, Pavlov.

There are a lot more experiments mentioned in single drawings like the emergence of a peaceful culture in wild baboons. The study is just drawn, but such studies need to be explained to be fully understood. When was it done? Who did it? How was it done? What can we question? Other similar studies? Also, we need replication.These are all original and ancient findings. Like Little Albert for example, it’s 1 researcher doing an experiment on one single baby and obviously deciding what to notice and what to write down. It’s a terrible study. Yet in this comic book it’s a key study used to explain perception. There is not a single critical word about any of these outdated studies. The Bobo doll experiment is presented as pure fact which is not how it is seen today. We are way more critical of the extreme conclusions the researchers added to their studies. The book, as I said, just shows studies in single drawings or at times in full pages of a few drawings. But it’s not enough to explain psychology.

It all feels like just a narrow history presentation. There is very little modern and proper psychology here. But since this is not a history book I have to wonder why they messed up this badly? We have plenty of very cool modern studies on learning. Not a single one is presented here. Many studies here are over 100 years old from a time where we had terrible scientific standards in social science. Even modern studies are pretty crappy so using this old research to explain human beings is lazy and misleading.

Memory
6/10

About how we recall memories via connections. Fine explanation, but simplified. The drawings in this book are ugly. The characters are weird, and there is a lot of visual noise as there are magical elements everywhere. There are also weird things like a man in a dress or characters just doing weird unexplained stuff. I’m not sure what the idea is here? I think it’s supposed to be a crazy world where everything and everyone is weird so nothing must be normal? It’s creepy as there are no normal human relationships. No regular families, no friends. Just single characters acting crazy.

The chapter is a fairly okay intro to memory. It’s still dry and not fun. But I feel like it at least tries to present how memory works. The learning chapter was terrible. Just a bunch of outdated studies. This actually uses newer studies from the 80’s and 90’s. And it’s significant studies, not just famous studies. While it’s not a proper intro to memory as a field of study it does present all the basic studies with a drawing. I wish they had made it into a story so that it wouldn’t be such a random mess of random facts and studies.

Recall specific memories better in the right settings. Forgetting words we didn’t practise. Car crash recall.

Thinking
6,5/10

Easily the strongest chapter so far seen from a scientific point of view. It’s about biases and the main ones never change or get outdated so such a chapter is simple to write and will stand the test of time. This just presents the 10 main biases so it’s actually a fair intro to this research field. It’s not really “thinking”. Biases are a narrow scope in this field and there are a ton of deeper brain and behavior studies in this field. But in a comic book this is fine to focus on the chapter just has a wrong title.

I noticed a lot of ideological points in this book that are not scientific. I don’t like this at all. I’m used to this stuff in social science, but it always makes me irritated. While the chapter is an improvement it still is on such a low level that it makes me more tired of the book overall. If I didn’t want to review all the single chapters I would stop reading it here.

The main issue is that the info is presented in a terrible way. Instead of text I can read directly I have to jump from frame to frame and read parts of a full point. So a 3 sentence point can be presented on 2 pages in 13 text bubbles. Single sentences are split into maybe 6 to 13 words in many mini text bubbles. This makes reading this a big bother and it takes forever to read it and combine the sentences into one single point in your head. The text itself is so bareboned that I could read the full book in 20 minutes without the drawings.

Part Two:
Making sense of ourselves
Metacognition
5/10

It’s not directly bad. As in, this is not wrong info. It’s just not research info at all. It’s yet again a chapter about biases and faulty thinking. Which is what all prior chapters have been about too. But this is without any studies. It’s just basic pseudo-science self-help explanations. Totally useless intro chapter-like stuff. Again hard to read so the info you get is a let-down compared to the time you spent reading it.

Emotion
6/10

Theories of emotions. Emotion or reaction comes first?

They use the forced smile = happier, study. Did this even replicate? This book is full of these small old studies that replicate in some specific settings only. And it’s not studies that told us as much about humanity as the researchers claimed. Just uncritically presenting this old science is not the best way to talk about psychology.

They also used the Dutton and Aron bridge study showing that general emotions can transfer to a specific emotion. Now I’m sure the chapter is biased. 2 studies in a row where the effect was very hard to replicate and when it did replicate it was in a smaller and different way than in the original studies. The chapter does feel misleading as it presents emotions as things that are created from the outside in. That’s just one theory out of 10 other emotions theories. Not sure why the author picked it as the great winner in the debate when most of these studies supporting it didn’t age well. It’s a good theory, but it’s a theory.

Hand in ice water. Memory intensity fades. 7 prime emotions. Duration neglect.

Motivation
5,5/10

“And, as shown in a classic study” - well, yes, but no. They present the soup bowl refill study as a classic study. The researcher has since been fired for research fraud. He p-hacked his studies to produce false positive results and his studies didn’t replicate.

https://statmodeling.stat.columbia.ed...

The book constantly presents these weird non-replicated studies as huge experiments proving a point of view. While at the same time the book overlooks studies and theories that have way more scientific support, but are less interesting or iconic.

I don’t know what to feel about the chapter. In the other chapters I recognized most studies. I could often recognize several studies from each page. Even studies they only presented via a silly gag drawing on the side. Here it was really hard for me to recognize the studies used to make all these big claims. I can’t really show that they are wrong, or right, as I can’t see the studies.

Overjustification effect.

Stress and health
5,5/10

Why is there a stress chapter in the book? This is largely about placebo effect. So yet again a chapter about biased perception. Very weird book. This chapter and the last one are decent intros as it’s not a bunch of junk science like the chapters prior to that. Sure it’s bad studies, but the general ideas are sorta correct here because they don’t say much at all. It’s hard to say how much of this stuff is valid as in the motivation and stress chapters I didn’t recognize many studies. Which also made me like them a bit more as there was less obvious bullshit I could spot here. I’m sure I would feel less positive about it if I found the studies they used and could be a bit more critical.

Part Three:
Making sense of each other
Language
6/10

About how language is subjective. Shallow chapter. Again vague theory intros.

The only time the book is critical is when a nature theory is presented. So here the “language is an instinct” theory is presented as one of the 2 main theories and not just introduced as a main theory like many of their prior claims only supported by single bad studies. The book really seems to hate and avoid nature theories overall and only presents them when they are crucial to an overall point and seen as one of many alternatives. For example, evolutionary psychology could have been an extremely useful tool to use in the emotions chapter. Instead we just see a few animal and culture comparisons without really understanding what the authors are trying to say about this stuff. If the book had been focused on a single family and clear illustrations we could have had a deeper look into psychology, a simple intro. Instead it’s a mix of 200 different experiments selected to fit their own worldview, no matter how bad the experiments may be.

Whorfs theory, again a nurture theory that is disputed in modern psychology. It’s presented as a curious theory fighting it out with the alternative view. Again, they are too uncritical towards nurture theories. Nurture theories often lead to crazy and impossible views which is perfect for a comic book. But it’s not a proper critical intro to psychology.

Personality
7/10

Huh? Finally… science? OCEAN presented clearly as a personality theory. No visual noise or stupid jokes. This is the only chapter where I feel like the artist finally understands the topic and doesn’t have to rely on stupid gags to get by. Just the theory clearly presented in drawings with clear ideas presented around this one theory. I know this stuff already of course. But it’s finally an intro to the science instead of being loose self-help chit-chat without science to back it up.

They mention experiments like the marshmallow experiment. Again, how well did this replicate? I guess they don’t care either way. It was done once and supported a simplified theory in a visual manner.

This is the best chapter by far. The only chapter I actually can recommend. It’s not great, but I still rated it a bit higher than it deserves because it does actually relate to psychology even though I found it a tad boring. With colors it would shine brighter and then the drawings would even be used in university slideshows presenting the OCEAN theory. So it’s what the rest of the book should have been like.

Social influence
6/10

About persuasion. Again many misleading statements. Just mediocre instead of bad. It does have a few proper studies. Not sure if they replicated though. The book, Influence, presents most of this stuff. I assume most of this stuff would hold up if someone tried to replicate the findings? But in social science only 25% of studies replicate. So don’t expect the chapter to age well.

Stanford prison study? By now I expect this stuff in this book, but I’m still let down. This is a seft-made anecdote not a proper experimental study. It is a super visual “study” so of course it would be in the book. But if you only have a few pages and remain uncritical then why include it over 1000 other similar studies that are of better quality? This stuff, like the Little Albert study, should not be presented as psychology. It deserves a careful intro with a critical voice explaining why this is not how we should do proper experiments. Present it as historical psychology and let the reader decide if it needs to be ignored. Don’t just introduce it as main modern psychology research.

Asch study, Milgram study, passing by man in need, foot in the door sales studies like the big sign/small sign.

Stereotypes and groups
3,5/10

This is the only chapter constantly presented in prior chapters with various “racist White adults” examples where some poor minority figure was discriminated against. So this is the chapter the book is centered around. Which is weird as it’s like the stress chapter. Seems like a totally irrelevant topic for an overview book like this. This is the only chapter where I felt like “this is not science at all”. It’s a bunch of statements about how it’s bad to be racist towards minorities and sexist towards school girls. They very loosely touched upon studies, but it’s hard to figure out what research they are referring to. They somewhat refer to the fake Muzafer Sherif study. But in the drawings I for once didn’t see it referred to directly. Instead it’s 2 groups of men cleaning an office as a gag. I’m not sure why some chapters actually try to ignore classic fake research this way.

Nearly all the science here is outdated stuff that didn’t replicate. But 70% of the chapter is measly moral preaching.

“Teachers see students as smart so they get better grades.” This is another old study that doesn’t hold up. This study was shown to contain terrible stats and today we can’t replicate the results they got. When we do find positive results it’s temporary stuff that disappears after some years. Yet the chapter relies on these studies to be the very truth about our world.

Conclusion
When things aren't working
3,5/10

What’s the point?

My final opinion on the book

There are a lot of famous studies here from before the replication crisis where groups of researchers retested them and couldn't replicate them. While I was reading and reviewing the chapters I legit thought the book was 20 years old so I tried to see it in that light and be less critical of some points. Maybe they didn’t know better? Nope, I just found out, the book is from 2018. Are you kidding me? Most of this old stuff was shown to be junk science way before 2018. What went wrong here?

There is 1 single scientific chapter, the personality chapter. The rest of the book is either just general statements without referring to studies or outdated research. This is such an extremely lazy book that I’m offended. I was looking forward to reading it. I’m shocked at how terrible the science is.

I can also look at this from a layman point of view. Maybe you don’t know any of these studies and think they are all valid? 95% of the readers will think this is proper modern science. You can’t even check the sources as they never refer to them by name or date. But even if you believe all the science it’s still a boring book. No colors, ugly drawings, the monologue is overly preachy and split up into mini passages to fill out pages. It’s a mess.

This is a horror show. It’s a typical psychology textbook made into a short comic book. Anyone who knows how crap the typical psychology textbook is would understand just how bad this book is. This is just mentally offensive stuff that no one should read.

[Aylin · Rating 4 out of 5]

Çizgiler ile Psikoloji; insan olma deneyiminin bütününü kapsayan Psikoloji bilimine dair kavramları mizahi ve etkili görseller ile işleyen, belirsizliği netleştirmek,kaosa düzen getirme, akıl karıştırana anlam verme eğilimleri ile insanı inceleyen, beğenerek okuduğum bir çizgi roman oldu.

Kitap; Dünyayı Anlamlandırmak, Kendimizi Anlamlandırmak ve Birbirimizi Anlamlandırmak başlıkları altında üç kısımdan oluşuyor.
İşlenen konulardan benim aklımda kalanları belirtmek istiyorum:

Dış dünyayı duyumlarımız aracılığı ile algılarız. Ancak gerçekte algıladığımız şey beynimize elektirik sinyalleri ile iletilen olguları yorumlama biçimimizdir. Zihin ise bu yetersiz verilerden gelen boşlukları doldurarak, algılarımızı bulunduğumuz yeri dikkate alarak şekillendirir. İki adet bilgi kaynağı vardır, duyumlarımız ile edindiğimiz ve daha önceki deneyimlerimiz yolu ile öğrendiklerimiz. Öğrenme ise 3 yol ile gerçekleşir: Dünyadaki farklı durumlar arasında bağ kurmayı sağlayan Klasik koşullanma, davranışlarımıza verilen tepkinin o davranışın çıkma sıklığını etkilediği Edimsel Koşullanma ve çevremizdeki insanları gözlem yolu ile öğrenmeyi ifade eden sosyal öğrenme.

Aynı zamanda davranışımızın hiç bir etkisi olmadığı düşüncesi ile gelişen Öğrenilmiş Çaresizlik kavramı, hareketsizleştiren, çabayı durduran bir olguyu tarif eder. Ama bu olgu çevrenin etkisi ile geri çevrilebilir.

İşleyen bellek ve uzun süreli bellek, uzun süreli anıların ve birbirine bağlı kavramların oluşturduğu nöral ağ, inandıklarımıza uygun kanıt toplama ve yorumlama anlamına gelen doğrulama yanlılığı, bazı olguları gerçekte olduğundan daha iyi bildiğimizi düşünmek anlamına gelen açıklama derinliği yanlılığı, bilgilerimiz ve olaylar üzerinde etkimiz konusunda gerçekte olduğundan daha bilgili olduğumuza inanma anlamına gelen kontrol yanılsaması, içsel dünyanın etkisi altında olan zihinsel bilgilerin kusurluluğu konu başlıklarından.

Dış dünyada gerçekleşen olaylar bedenimizde belli tepkileri tetiklerken; zihnimizde çeşitli yorumlara sebep olur. Duygular bu tepkilere dair farkındalığımızla oluşur. Geçmişi gerçekte hissettiğimizden daha iyi hatırlamamıza sebep olan olumluluk yanlılığı,ödüllendirmenin davranışı söndürdüğü durumlar ve cezaların sönmesi beklenen davranışı arttırması olan aşırı gerekçelendirme yanlılığı, bireyi motive eden içsel unsurların tanımlanması anlamına gelen öz belirleme teorisi , özgül hedeflerin genel hedeflerden daha etkili olduğunu gösteren hedef koyma teorisi , hedefi gerçekleştirmeye yakınlık ve uzaklığın önemini belirten hedef gradyanı hipotezi örnek verilen konular arasında. Dış uyaranlara kendi deneyimlerimiz doğrultusunda verdiğimiz sosyal anlam, ödülün ceza gibi görünmesine neden olduğu gibi, tam tersi bir durum da söz konusu olabilir.

Stres bölümünde vücudumuzun dinlenme ve gevşeme hali olan parasempatik sinir sistemi ve vücudun tetikte halini, savaş ve kaç tepkisini oluşturan sempatik sinir sistemi , stresi etkileyen belirsizlik ve öngörülemezlik ile duruma getirilen yorum, inanç ve beklentilerin deneyimler ve bedensel işlevler üzerindeki etkisi dikkat çeken başlıklardan.

Başkalarını anlamlandırma konusunda; iletişimde ne duyduğumuz, karşıdaki kişinin nasıl bir amacı olduğu düşüncemize göre değişir. İnsanlar dili anlamlandırırken pragmatik stratejiler kullanırlar.

Kişilik; sorumluluk, yumuşak başlılık, duygusal dengesizlik, açıklık ve dışadönüklük olmak üzere beş boyutta değerlendirilir. Bu değerlendirmeler uzun vadede davranışları ön görmeyi sağlar.

Davranışlar içinde bulunulan ortama göre şekillenir. Ancak biz bireyin davranışını değerlendirirken kişiliğe atıfta bulunuruz. Buna temel yükleme hatası denir.

Solomon Ash'in gruba uyma deneyi, Stanley Milgram'ın otorite deneyi , bürünülen rolün davranışı nasıl etkilediğini gösteren Stanford Hapishane deneyi ,İkna yöntemleri, kalıp yargılar, grup içi benzeşme de sosyal etki içinde konu edinilen çalışmalardan.

Kendimiz , sosyal ilişkilerimiz ve dış dünya ile ilgili tutumlarımız, düşünce ve davranışlarımız konusunda bilimsel bilgiler ve keyifli görseller eşliğinde bilgi veren bu kitap önerimdir.

[João Teixeira · Rating 3 out of 5]

Não querendo ser injusto, não posso dizer que este livro seja mau... No entanto, achei que a abordagem é feita muito à "maneira americana" (por exemplo, algumas das experiências utilizadas para ilustrar os pontos de vista fazem lembrar as experiências daqueles "documentários" levezinhos tipo: 100 Humans), o que, sinceramente, me parece mais uma boa forma de fazer entretenimento do que "fazer ciência" rigorosamente.
É divertido de se ler? Sim, é. Aprende-se alguma coisa? Talvez consigamos ficar com umas noções básicas sobre o que é a Psicologia, sim... É um livro completamente fidedigno sobre o tema que trata? Bem... é uma abordagem, temos de ter isso em mente.

No entanto, como disse, não quero ser injusto... A verdade é que os desenhos são muito giros e consegue veicular-se uma mensagem de forma humorística de forma correcta. O único aspecto mais negativo que tenho a apontar é que a disposição dos blocos de texto implicam uma leitura muito fragmentada, o que a mim (pessoalmente) complicou um pouco na apreensão da informação à primeira leitura.

Mas a verdade é que não se perde nada em ler este livro. Não é nada muito aprofundado, mas verdade seja dita, e em abono do autor responsável pela parte informativa, isto é uma pequeníssima introdução em relação ao que à Psicologia, ao funcionamento da mente e ao comportamento humano diz respeito...!

[E.T. · Rating 4 out of 5]

“Thinking Fast and Slow” - Lite.
Excellent alternate if u find Kahneman’s book intimidating.

[Dakota Morgan · Rating 4 out of 5]

I am a sucker for comic book introductions to the subjects you slept through in college. Cartoon History of the Universe? All time fave. Here we have psychology, a course I really did take in college, and a course from which I really don't recall much.

Fortunately, Danny Oppenheimer and Grady Klein dish out some excellent knowledge in this well-paced, well-illustrated compendium. It's clearly just the basics, but that's fine because the basics are quite interesting. How do you know yourself, how do you respond to others, and how do you respond to your environment are the three major topics covered here, all with many real-world examples and studies to explain tough concepts.

Maybe too many real-world examples, actually. At times, the "comic book" part takes over. For example, there might be an extended jokey bit about memory, when really, just an explanation of the theory would have made a lot more sense. The comic book nature also breaks up sentences, leading to numerous panels for one idea. It looks nice, a solid visual layout, but it can be hard to follow.

That said, I was more interested in the topic of psychology with this comic book introduction than I was in the full college course. I could have saved a lot of money :(

[Jeffrey · Rating 3 out of 5]

A fun review of psychology. A lot of things that are important to remember about yourself and others. The illustration was a little messy.

[Marie Albert]

DNF j'ai lu la moitié

Bon déjà la couverture est problématique. L'humanité est représentée par cet homme blanc... Un grand classique.

À l'intérieur, c'est très dense. Les dessins sont chargés, les informations trop nombreuses. Je sens que les auteurs ont voulu caser toutes leurs connaissances dans une seule BD.

Ça me prend la tête. Je me désintéresse du propos assez vite. J'abandonne la lecture et je repars bredouille.

[Metin Yılmaz · Rating 3 out of 5]

Fazla karışmış bilgiler olması ve dağınık bir okuma sunması dışında güzeldi

[Michael · Rating 4 out of 5]

This would probably be a 5 star if it were printed differently. There’s some pretty detailed cartooning but it’s printed in muddy black and white on cheap paper. The primer content is excellent. If this was printed well and in color it would be much better.

[Albert Bingei · Rating 5 out of 5]

fun introduction to psychology in a comic book form!

[Ethan Aegon · Rating 4 out of 5]

Beaucoup plus accessible et digeste que son pendant Economix, Psychologix m'a paru un bon ouvrage de vulgarisation.

Le plus surprenant est probablement sa conclusion sur la personnalité qui, parce qu'elle confirme mes opinions politique, impacte probablement mon avis positif sur l'ouvrage, via l'effet de halo.

Une critique argumentée d'un lecteur met en avant les failles, lacunes de l'ouvrage et notamment la mise en avant d'expérience largement contestées / non reproductibles. Aucune d'entre elle n'est listés dans la synthèse qui suit :

A RETENIR

Apprentissage par observation - La pouppée Bobo
L'expérience consiste à exposer des enfants à des scènes dans lesquelles des adultes se comportent de manière agressive envers une poupée, les enfants étaient plus puis à mesurer si les enfants imiteraient spontanément ces comportements lorsqu'eux-mêmes seraient en présence de la poupée.

Sans surprise, cela a été le cas.

Boite de Skinner
Cage laboratoire avec un bouton permettant d'influer sur des récompenses / punitions. Ex : si le rat appuie sur le bouton, alors il reçoit de la nourriture ou alors les décharges électriques du plancher cessent.

Mémoire - Palais Imaginaire
Plus on associe les idées entre elles, plus il est facile de les retenir.
Ex : Mon anniversaire de mariage est le 14 juillet le jour du drapeau
Mon épouse ressemble à Kirsten Dunst qui a joué dans Marie-Antoinette
Et l'été est la saison des termites guillerettes qui dévorent le drapeau du 14 juillet

Lien corps émotion
La théorie James-Lange suggère que le la perception physiologique précède la prise de conscience.
On pense que je vois un gorille donc je suis effrayé, donc je m'enfuis alors qu'en fait : je vois un gorille, je m'enfuis et devient (encore plus ?) effrayé.
Je ne souris pas parce que je suis heureux, je suis heureux parce que je souris

En d'autres termes :
- Sourire nous rend joyeux
- Faire la moue nous rend triste
- Froncer les sourcils nous énerve et nous angoisse
Les actions ci-dessus ont impact similaire même si elles ne sont pas à notre initiative mais contraintes. Ex : accepter de sourire me fera trouver les gens plus sympa autour de moi mais c'est aussi le cas si je tiens un crayon à l'horizontal avec mes dents et que cette position active involontairement mes zygomatiques.

L'attribution erronée - Le pont suspendu de Capilano
Nous avons tendance à attribuer les causes que nous ressentons à des facteurs qui n'y sont pas liées.

L'expérience menée par Donald Dutton et Arthur Aron, connue sous le nom d'expérience du Pont suspendu de Capilano, met en scène deux ponts différents. Le premier est un petit pont solide et moderne, tandis que le second est vieux, instable et suspendu à 70m au-dessus du fleuve Capilano.

On a demandé à deux groupes d'hommes de traverser chacun un pont. Au milieu de chaque pont, se trouvait une femme qui prétendait mener une étude sur les paysages et leur donnait son numéro de téléphone.

Résultat : les hommes qui ont traversé le pont dangereux ont beaucoup plus rappelé la femme que les autres. Pourquoi ?
Les volontaires de l'expérience ont attribué l'excitation de l'adrénaline à leur rencontre avec la femme et l'attraction qu'elle a leur a fait ressentir alors qu'elle était provoquée par leur peur du pont. Les deux sensations se sont mélangées, leur jugement a été faussé.

Ainsi, dans des situations à risque, les individus ont tendance à développer des liens de sympathie avec ceux qui les entourent. Sauf si la situation est extrême, dans ce cas les autres sont perçus comme une menace.

Mémoire vs Emotion
Les émotions persistent bien au-delà de la mémoire consciente qu'on en a.
Ainsi, même si Descartes avait oublié cette jeune fille bigleuse qui l'avait marqué dans son enfance, il aurait conservé son attirance inconsciente pour les filles qui louchent.
> Nos jugements sont largement inconscients

Biais de positivité
Ce biais consiste à embellir le passé dans nos souvenirs.
Si on demande aux gens de noter l'intensité émotionnelle d'événements et de les réévaluer au fil du temps, ils baisseront leur note.
Exemple : les douleurs de l'accouchement seront évalués à "10" 6 mois plus tard mais à "7" 6ans plus tard. Cela fonctionne aussi pour les émotions positives (ex : le goût d'une glace) mais les émotions négatives s'érodent plus vite que les positives !
> Nos souvenirs tendent à être plus positifs que la réalité

Négligence de la durée
On oublie la durée d'expériences émotionnellement fortes pour se rappeler plutôt leur intensité maximale et leur intensité finale.
On peut donc moduler le souvenir d'une expérience en modifiant ses touts derniers instants. Ex : un film avec une bonne fin "rattrapera" le reste.

L'effet Think - Drink
Si on nous fait croire qu'une boisson est alcoolisée, nous deviendrons ivre... même si elle ne contenait pas d'alcool.

Motivation
La motivation interne est la plus efficace. (récompenser un bon bulletin de note par une nouvelle paire de basket est largement inefficace).
La motivation interne est maximale quand :
- Nos amis s'y intéressent aussi
- Nous avons le choix de la méthode
- Progresser dans le domaine a du sens pour nous

Les objectifs doivent être :
- Précis
Faire autant de chateau de sable que possible en 30min > Faire 20 châteaux de sable en 30min
- Ambitieux (mais réaliste) Faire 20 châteaux de sable en 30min > > Faire 30 châteaux de sable en 30min
- Décomposés en sous tâches Faire 30 châteaux de sable en 30min Faire 10 châteaux de sable toutes les 10minutes

L'implémentation d'intention
"On devrait se faire vacciner contre la grippe" > "je prends rdv pour me faire vacciner contre la grippe"

Préparation aux obstacles
Anticiper et se préparer spécifiquement aux obstacles que l'on rencontrera dans l'atteinte de nos objectifs.
Ex :
Si je vois un gâteau à la crème, je ne le mange pas.
Si je vois une araignée, je respire lentement

Anticiper un événement réduit le niveau de stress qui lui est associé
> Il est plus facile d'attendre quand on connait la durée de l'attente.

Prophétie auto-réalisatrice
Dire à un prof qu'un de ses élèves est prometteur va statistiquement lui donner plus de chance d'être un bon élève. Attention cette croyance largement popularisée n'a jamais été reproduite et tient de la légende urbaine. Etonnant que ce livre y fasse référence.

Erreur fondamentale d'attribution
Quand nous jugeons les actes des autres, nous tendons à :
- négliger les circonstances
- surestimer l'importance de la personnalité
Quand on explique le comportement d'autrui, on oublie le contexte.
Ex : Quand il était jeune et pauvre, il volait. Aujourd'hui il est riche et ne vole plus > Il est devenu plus intègre. > Non !

OCEAN
La personnalité peut être réduite en 5 composantes majeures :
- Ouverture : attitude face à la nouveauté
- Contrôle : rigueur, discipline, organisation
- Extraversion : plaisir à être avec les autres
- Amabilité : coopératif, généreux, bienveillant
- Négativité : vulnérabilité aux émotions négatives

Ces traits de personnalités sont relativement stables au long d'une journée et même d'une vie (le contrôle diminue néanmoins en vieillissant).

Ils sont neutres, n'appellent pas de jugement de valeur et sont les plus à même de prédire un comportement.

Surtout on surestime souvent l'impact de la personnalité pour expliquer les actions d'une personne alors que c'est le contexte qui est déterminant.
> Au fond nous sommes plus semblables que différents

[Fatma Akyürek Aytekin · Rating 5 out of 5]

Psikolojinin karikatürle anlatılmış hali. Çok başarılı ama renkli olmasını tercih ederdim

[Isis Cruz · Rating 5 out of 5]

“...Psychology is really about all of human experience: It’s about love, sports, music, growth, status, tragedy, humor, me and you and everything in between. From faith to skepticism, from hunger to gluttony, from racism to tolerance, from hope to despair.”

Este libro verdaderamente ha tenido mi atención desde la introducción hasta la conclusión. Y es que trata todos los temas de manera muy humorística y entretenida. El libro expone tópicos como la metacognición, memoria, estereotipos, influencia social, entre otros. Creo que los autores han hecho una excelente combinación de los dibujos, el arte en general (que es muy bueno) y el texto, que resulta ser muy ameno.

Mis capítulos favoritos fueron el de memoria, personalidad y estereotipos. Mientras iba leyendo me divertía mucho con los ingeniosos ejemplos e iba recordando varios de los temas que había tratado en materias como psicología social. Me encantan estos tipos de libros, y creo que cada capítulo motiva a profundizar más en los temas que trata y en la psicología en general. Las personas a las que les interese la psicología deberían leerse este libro con un tono cómico.

[Norman Weatherly · Rating 4 out of 5]

I have read stacks and hills of books related to the human mind but none of them were as entertaining or able to teach me as easily as this book. Every first-year psychology, theology, and doctors should read this book. In fact, places of learning should make it part of the curriculum. I rate it four stars which means it is a very good book that has no negative aspect. I rarely give 5 stars but I was tempted by this book, in fact, I might read it again and that will be the litmus test of whether it is 4 or 5.

[A.Erhan Akkaya · Rating 5 out of 5]

Yukarıdan aşağıya ve aşağıdan yukarıya bilgi akışı. Stroop etkisi. Gestalt Etkisi. Klasik koşullanma - Edimsel koşullanma (suç ve ceza)- Sosyal öğrenme.

İşleyen bellek, Uzun süreli bellek. İşleyen bellek aynı anda en fazla 7 birim bilgiyi işleyebilir. Müzik dinleyerek ders çalışılmaz.
İnsanda kayıptan kaybetmekten kaçınma arzusu çok yüksektir.
"Ne biliyorum" Üstbiliş, "Neyi hatırlayacağım" Üstbellek. Açıklama derinliği yanılsaması, kontrol yanılsaması, Dunning-Kruger etkisi.
Seligman, Pavlov, Bandura, Skinner

[John · Rating 5 out of 5]

Both the illustration and writing is top-notch. I love the chapter on memory, stereotypes and groups. Group think is a system we will need to learn more about as social media become more complacent. Looking forward to exploring more work from Grady Klein. Great read!

[Bee · Rating 5 out of 5]

Very informative and fun. A well-rounded book to get people interested in psych

[Gemma entre lecturas · Rating 5 out of 5]

Muchas gente cree que la psicología sólo es para enfermos mentales,  paranoicos, psicópatas, sociopatas y tramas infantiles, que por ir a consulta se te juzga, medica y encierra, más lejos de la realidad, el psicólogo pone orden en el caos. 


Hace unos años, cuando se quiso quitar la asignatura de religión y dar otra alternativa a esa materia, en una reunión de amigos se me ocurrió opinar sobre esto. Los valores los debe dar la familia, la religión cada familia en su comunidad, qué nos queda, la psicología como posible valor añadido al desarrollo de los niños. Algunos me dijeron que eran muy pequeños para saber que había psicópatas por el mundo o pederastas o asesinos en seria, la psicología es mucho más que eso. El ser humano es complejo y ambiguo, forma parte de su naturaleza, si desde niños aprendemos a comprender que nuestros gustos, opiniones y decisiones pueden cambiar y lo que hoy nos gusta y hace felices mañana no, quizá estemos dando un paso hacia la tolerancia y la convivencia. Saber por qué me siento así y qué lo produce, entender cuando alguien intenta manipularme y hacerme sentir culpable, reforzar mi autoestima, entenderme a mí y así comprender un poco mejor a los demás.

                No hace mucho me preguntaron qué hacer ante una determinada situación. El niño, de primero de la ESO, había escuchado que las mujeres saben defenderse solas, que no necesitan machitos que lo hagan, pero en las escaleras de su instituto había un cartel de una niña acosada por otros compañeros. Sé que como adultos sabemos o conocemos o discernimos las situaciones y la respuesta adecuada, pero ¿los niños entienden la ambigüedad que estamos creando? Me preguntó, ¿está mal que defienda a mi hermana? o ¿a mi amiga?
                Este tipo de libros con ilustraciones me encantan. 

[kaitlphere · Rating 4 out of 5]

There is a lot of information in this book, which cannot be remembered by reading this book in one sitting! Taking the time to appreciate this book is definitely worth it. While nothing is explored in detail, there is a little bit of information about a lot of areas. The sections are on Perception and Attention, Learning, Memory, Thinking, Metacognition, Emotion, Motivation, Stress and Health, Language, Personality, Social Influence, and Stereotypes and Groups.

There are a lot of very good artistic decisions in this book. Optical illusions in the design explains how our brains fill things in for our sight and our understanding of the world based on our expectations. Animals and props instead of people are used to differentiate how we think about groups.

There are linguistic jokes and pop culture references to help with examples of ideas in the book. For example, Star Wars clones represent stereotypes in one panel, and another panel shows how The Force sounds insane outside of the very specific context of the Star Wars universe.

Past real world events are used to show how misconceptions can have dire consequences.

The book ends very optimistically regarding the future of people understanding themselves and each other, and our potential to improve the world. My only complaint is that the narration boxes "continue" to other narration boxes that are interrupted by dialogue boxes in the examples between the narration. After a few chapters I realized it was easier to read the narration on a page, then go back to the top and read the examples.

[Kelly · Rating 5 out of 5]

Note: One of the authors is a friend and colleague of mine.

Ordinarily, this wouldn’t be the kind of book I’d go for at all, both because I’m visually impaired (so I have a bear of a time with comics) and because my extensive psychology background (getting a PhD in the field with plans to go into research) means I have a hard time with / am picky about popular treatments of it. But I know Oppenheimer (the psychologist of the two authors; he taught the first psychology course I took in undergrad), so I knew the information would be accurate and delivered in an engaging way, In fact, of all the psychologist I know (and after over a decade studying or working in the subject at three different institutions, I know quite a few), I can’t think of one better suited to work on a comic book about Introductory psychology So my normal reservations went out the window and I picked up a copy as soon as I could.

While I would have preferred color illustrations (mostly for ease of reading, but also aesthetically), otherwise the book was excellent. The information is very clearly organized and presented, with a lot of jokes (both written and visual/drawn) to both help make things more memorable and lighten some of the potentially more dry sections (explanations of experiments and such, which are things I’ve had non-psychologists tell me they find boring sometimes). I laughed a lot, which I think is pretty rare for an introductory book on a topic. It was really fun to see the topics I remember from Intro Psych—along with some of Oppenheimer’s particular explanations or flourishes—in this new form. I thought each individual chapter and the book as a whole did a very nice job of connecting the topics to the readers’ everyday experiences, correcting some common misunderstandings about psychology, and ending in a way that simultaneously left things open for readers who would want to learn more and closed things nicely for readers who don’t plan to read more about psychology after this book. Also, while most of the book was funny, it did address some pretty serious subjects in a way that was light enough not to be a downer but also didn’t come across as flippant, which can be a hard balance to strike.

I’m admittedly not in the best place to say a lot about the artwork, but I did enjoy it. The drawings were large and clear enough that, with help from magnification, I don’t think I missed any important points or major jokes. The art style was fun, and I particularly liked a few recurring touches or characters (the “mind workers” with their big hard hats were a nice way to illustrate mental processes, and I liked the reappearances of certain other characters, like the lab rat and the gorilla). I can’t really say much else of substance about the book as a comic (especially because of my limited exposure to the format), but I liked it enough that I’d even be interested to check out Klein’s other work (which, coming from me, is saying a lot).

I would definitely recommend this book to people (adults or kids) who want a accessible, fun, and funny intro to psychology. I know several people I plan to get copies for, and I think it could work great in schools as well.

[Maria · Rating 5 out of 5]

Prima di tutto, l'autore è ottimo per rendere tutto il materiale semplice e comprensibile.
Cominciamo con il fenomeno Stroop che afferma: le informazioni che ottiniamo fai nostro sensi hanno due significati e traduciamo questi ai fattori esterni o esperienze passate.
Quindi, gli esperimenti di Schinner sull'obbedienza confermano l'apprendimento può essere dipendente ( risultati positivi o negativi) e sociale ( imperiamo da ciò che fanno gli altri )
Inoltre, i nostri schemi di memoria sono divisi in funzioni ( cose che devono essere fatte immediatamente e che dimentichiamo) e durante ( quelle che si attaccano alle nostre menti)
Infine, esiste la teoria dei due fattori di Schuchter e Singer che affirma che i sentimenti seguono l'azione e non viceversa- come la teoria di Mashlow: i bisogni di base e i motivi che ciò che facciamo. Ecco l'effetto dello stress nelle nostre vite in diverse situazioni.

[Sheri S. · Rating 4 out of 5]

As someone who has taught psychology to undergraduate students, I think this is a valuable tool in aiding people to better understand psychology and its basic concepts. The book covers only the most general of concepts but goes into some detail, including research studies, about those topics. The illustrations are often humorous and do a good job of explaining concepts. I think this book would serve as a great accompaniment to a regular text book or be perfect in the "additional recommended reading" section of a syllabi.

[Sanjeev Kumar · Rating 5 out of 5]

This was amazing! The first of the comic book introductions I've read and I want to read them all now.

Klein's art is superb. There is real humour and poignancy to the explains behind the concepts outlined in the book. There was so much content that I learned from this, and in such simple ways that a lot of it will stick. This is down to Oppenheimer's mastery in communication and walking the reader through the points and insights he's making.

Can not recommend this highly enough.....

Enjoy!

[Semina · Rating 3 out of 5]

İnsan psikolojisi hakkında oldukça geniş bir bakış açısı edinmenizi sağlıyor ve oldukça ilginç bilgiler var. Daha çok insan davranışının deney temelli sonuçlarından yola çıkılmış. Çok daha detaylı kitaplar okumaya teşvik edebilir. Okurken bazı kısımların anlaşılması okuyucuya bırakılmış. Benim için bu kitabın sağladığı en büyük fayda hepimizin benzerliklerinin farklarımızdan daha fazla olduğunu anlamak oldu. Ve ayrıca, insan beynine o kadar çok güvenmememiz gerektiği. Çünkü gün sonunda hepimiz dünyayı kendi penceremizden bakarak algıladıklarımız kadarız.

[Claudia · Rating 3 out of 5]

I have always loved comic books and psychology, so I picked this book up because it looked interesting.
And it was.
I loved that it went in-depth with psychology, with pictures. Most of the time, the pictures accurately illustrated what psychology was actually like.
Now I rated this 3 stars only because sometimes it got overwhelming to read. After all, the text and pictures seemed to close to each other, which I know how comics work, but this just seemed like it happened more than a typical comic book does.
But overall, an amazing book.

[Myra · Rating 3 out of 5]

This is a very basic introduction to some of the major topics of psychology. It's cute, but I honestly found the format a bit distracting. Each sentence is typically broken into two or more phrases with an image to go with each one. I very soon quit reading it that way and would read an entire sentence and go back to look at the cartoons. The Twitter mentality invades books.

[Lydia · Rating 5 out of 5]

Pretty sure the world needs more comic book introductions to vast and intimidating topics. In this case, the comic book aspect is almost deceptive, because, man, is it dense! The authors don't shy away from technical aspects, but keep it funny and entertaining - the art is just delightful. I got much more out of this than I would have from a dry textbook.

[Katie · Rating 3 out of 5]

Interesting subject matter, but I found the layout extremely difficult to follow. The narrative switched between clear sentences and quirky comments, with most sentences split in half. Ironic, really, considering the subject matter. The writing was good and the comics were decent, but it could have been so much better.

[Elegcp · Rating 4 out of 5]

Entretenido, la viñetas tienen su gracia. Está bien para refrescar cosas importantes estudiadas en la carrera pero no entra en profundidad. Chulo para explicarle a pacientes lo que le sucede y que lo retenga de manera gráfica.