Robert Boyle, FRS, (25 January 1627 – 31 December 1691) was an Irish 17th-century natural philosopher, chemist, physicist, and inventor. Born in Lismore County Waterford, Ireland, he was also noted for his writings in theology. Although his research clearly has its roots in the alchemical tradition, Boyle is largely regarded today as the first modern chemist, and therefore one of the founders of modern chemistry, and one of the pioneers of modern experimental scientific method. He is best known for Boyle's law, which describes the inversely proportional relationship between the absolute pressure and volume of a gas, if the temperature is kept constant within a closed system. Among his works, The Sceptical Chymist is seen as a cornerstone book in the field of chemistry.
Robert Boyle’s dense, stilted language takes great patience and devotion to navigate, but the rewards are many. To read him is to time-travel, to live inside and experience a different era and a mind-set truly different from the one we assume today.
Five friends meet in a garden for a civilized chat about the “constituents of the mixt bodies.” Their fictional conversation, published in 1661, is a landmark of the new “enlightened” philosophy that will complicate and forever change the way people relate to the physical world. The conversation continues today, but conducted in a much less civilized manner.
The five: Carneades, host and Skeptic - Enlightened philosopher, dedicated to experiential chymical exploration; Philoponus, Sober Chymist [as opposed to the uneducated, common “Vulgar Chymist”] - adherent of Paracelsus’ Spagyrist Doctrine of three Principles: Mercury, Sulphur, Salt; Themistius, Aristotelian - adherent of the classical Doctrine of four “Peripatetick” Elements: Earth, Air, Fire, Water; Eleutherius, impartial Judge; unnamed narrator, secretary - records the exchange.
Themistius presciently anticipates the Uncertainty Principle. He advocates for a world view based upon established “Reason.” Aristotle’s Doctrine is “Obvious,” stable, and an expression of eternal “Truth.” Laboratory experiments are done in order to support the truth of that Doctrine, not the other way around where experimental results determine Doctrine. That way, he notes with horror, one never settles on “Truth” at all. Doctrine must be modified and changed with each new discovery. Themistius explains, “For this [Aristotelian] Doctrine is very different from the whimseys of Chymists and other Modern Innovators, of whose Hypotheses we may observe, as Naturalists do of less perfect Animals, that as they are hastily form'd, so they are commonly short liv'd. For so these, as they are often fram'd in one week, are perhaps thought fit to be laughed at the next ; and being built perchance but upon two or three Experiments are destroyed by a third or fourth, whereas the doctrine of the four Elements was fram'd by Aristotle after he had leasurely considered those Theories of former Philosophers, which are now with great applause revived, as discovered by these latter ages ; And had so judiciously detected and supplyed the Errors and defects of former Hypotheses concerning the Elements, that his Doctrine of them has been ever since deservedly embraced by the letter'd part of Mankind.”
In The Myth of the Eternal Return Mircea Eliade will name this dread of relativity and ambiguity. He calls it the Terror of History.
A pesar de la edad del libro, es bastante legible (por supuesto que hay vocabulario específico de la época, pero no es difícil de acostumbrarse, y si se conoce un poco de historia de la ciencia de la época, es bastante directo). La traducción es excelente, se ve que la persona a cargo sabe de qué se habla. El libro está construido a la manera de los Dialogos de Galileo, con varios personajes que representan diferentes posturas y discuten entre sí, con lo cual el personaje que representa al autor procede a dar argumentos y mencionar experimentos que contradicen la teoría de los cuatro elementos y la de los tres principios hipostáticos. Algunos párrafos notables, que me parecieron especialmente interesantes:
"la verdadera y genuina propiedad del calor es provocar el movimiento y, por tanto, disociar las partes de los cuerpos y subdividirlas en partículas diminutas con independencia de si estas son homogéneas o heterogéneas, algo que puede apreciarse al hervir agua, al destilar mercurio o al exponer los cuerpos a la acción del calor cuyas partes no sean disímiles"
"«en mayo solicité a mi jardinero que cavara y recogiera una buena cantidad de tierra, que la secara en el horno, que la pesara, que la pusiera en un recipiente de barro que apenas levantara del suelo, que plantara en ella unas semillas que le había dado de zapallo [5] , una clase de calabaza india que crece muy deprisa, y que dejara que se regaran únicamente con agua de lluvia o de pozo. Cuando mis ocupaciones me lo permitían, me resultaba delicioso acercarme a contemplar cuán veloces crecían pese a que habían sido sembradas fuera de estación. Un invierno temprano impidió que alcanzaran a producir ni de cerca frutos de la magnitud acostumbrada —ese mismo otoño había encontrado en mi jardín algunas de esas plantas que me llegaban a medio cuerpo— y le ordené que las desenterrara, lo que hizo a mediados de octubre. Tras hacerlo me relató lo siguiente: «he pesado la calabaza con tronco y hojas que hacían tres libras menos un cuarto; después tomé la tierra, la horneé como la primera vez y encontré que era casi la misma que antes, lo que me hizo pensar que no la había secado suficiente, menguado nada o muy poco»"
"Pero hay otros agregados en los que las partículas se adhieren con menos fuerza y son susceptibles de encontrarse con corpúsculos de otro grupo dispuestos a unirse con ellas de un modo más estrecho de lo que estas lo hacían entre sí. En tal caso, dos de esos corpúsculos que se combinan pierden la forma, el tamaño, el movimiento u otro accidente por cuya causa están dotados de una determinada cualidad o naturaleza de modo que dejan de pertenecer a la denominación a la que antes pertenecían. Así, de esta unión puede emerger un cuerpo único dotado de nuevas cualidades y cuyos corpúsculos no pueden ser divididos de nuevo, ni por medio del fuego ni de cualquier otro proceso conocido de análisis tal y como eran antes de unirse"
"Sé que hay una distinción entre la materia inmanente, cuando las partes materiales permanecen y retienen su propia naturaleza en las cosas que se materializan, como dirían algunos escolásticos —en ese sentido, las piedras, la madera y la cal son la materia de una casa—, y la materia trascendente, en la que la cosa materializada queda tan alterada que recibe una forma nueva sin poder readmitir nunca más la antigua"
"que todas las diferentes sustancias que se obtienen de un cuerpo mixto merced al fuego eran preexistentes en él, así como que el análisis desenmaraña las unas de las otras. Además, esta opinión adscribe a tales sustancias así obtenidas una simplicidad que ya les he mostrado no poseen"
"En primer lugar, que puede ponerse en duda con justicia que el fuego, como suponen los químicos, sea el procedimiento auténtico y universal para analizar los cuerpos. En siguiente lugar, que se puede poner en cuestión si las distintas sustancias que extraídas de un cuerpo mixto merced al fuego eran preexistentes en él en las formas en que fueron separadas de él. Que, además, aunque sostengamos que las número de tales sustancias no parece ser el mismo en todos los cuerpos mixtos siendo algunos de ellos reducibles a más de tres sustancias. Que, en último lugar, esas sustancias en que hemos descompuesto los cuerpos en su mayor parte no son cuerpos puros y elementales, sino nuevas clases de mixtos."
"¿Cómo nos va a enseñar esta hipótesis el modo en que se forma un pollo en el huevo o cómo el principio seminal de la menta, de las calabazas y otros vegetales que ya les he mencionado puede formar del agua diversas plantas, cada una de ellas dotada con una forma particular y determinada, y con unas cualidades específicas y distintas? ¿Cómo nos muestran estás hipótesis cuánta Sal, cuánto Azufre y cuánto Mercurio son necesarios para hacer un pollo o una calabaza?"
"¿Cómo puede probar que la pesantez de todos los cuerpos procede de que todos participan del elemento Tierra, si podemos ver que no solo el agua común sino también el agua destilada de la lluvia más pura son igualmente pesadas y que el propio mercurio es mucho más pesado que la Tierra, aunque ninguno de mis adversarios haya sido capaz de probar que contenga Tierra?"
by Valentin Chirosca That the Vulgar Principles were lesse General and comprehensive, or lesse considerately Deduc’d from Chymical Operations, than was believ’d; it was not uneasie for me both to Take notice of divers Phænomena, overlook’d by prepossest Persons, that seem’d not to suite so well with the Hermetical Doctrine; and, to devise some Experiments likely to furnish me with Objections against it, not known to many, that having practis’d Chymistry longer perchance then I have yet liv’d, may have far more Experience, Than I, of particular processes. Robert Boyle Boyle was an advocate of corpuscularism, a form of atomism that was slowly displacing Aristotelian and Paracelsian views of the world. Instead of defining physical reality and analyzing change in terms of Aristotelian substance and form and the classical four elements of earth, air, fire, and water—or the three Paracelsian elements of salt, sulfur, and mercury—corpuscularism discussed reality and change in terms of particles and their motion. Boyle believed that chemical experiments could demonstrate the truth of the corpuscularian philosophy. In this context he defined elements in Sceptical Chymist (1661) as "certain primitive and simple, or perfectly unmingled bodies; which not being made of any other bodies, or of one another, are the ingredients of which all those called perfectly mixt bodies are immediately compounded, and into which they are ultimately resolved." He was probably referring to the uniform corpuscles—which were as yet unobserved—out of which corpuscular aggregates were formed, not using elements as Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier and others used the term in the 18th century to refer to different substances that could not be broken down further by chemical methods. In his experiments Boyle made many important observations, including that of the weight gain by metals when they are heated to become calxes. He interpreted this phenomenon as caused by fiery particles that were able to pass through the walls of glass vessels.
Boyle’s theories of material change did nothing to eliminate the possibility of the transmutation of base metals to gold that was at the heart of alchemy. Indeed he practiced alchemy until the end of his life, believed that he had witnessed transmutation, and successfully lobbied Parliament to repeal England’s ban on transmutation.
Probably one of the more tiring reads I've experienced in a while. The language is drawn out and antiquated, and there are a variety of archaic alchemical terms that require a lot of effort to parse. On top of all of which, this particular edition was riddled with typographical errors. However, it is a sharp treatment of the issues of the time. It is dutifully focused on the experimental and the demonstrable rather than the assurance of esoteric wisdom that would characterize the work of many others, and the deductions that he draws are engaging and build a solid case. For my part, I'm glad to have read an important piece of the history of chemistry and to have gained a good few ideas for classroom demonstrations, but it is a lot of work, and I wouldn't recommend it to everyone.
I’m a chemist and after I got past the 1600s writing style it was pretty interesting to see how people thought about chemistry back then. Some educational and interesting reactions too. But overall the book is not very dense with interesting bits. Wouldn’t recommend unless you’re really into this sort of thing. I am, so I’m glad I read it.
this book really catches my eye to know how is that Robert Boyle contributed its conociemntos and studies for the development of science with relation to what is chemistry.