This is written in a format and style that I've come to loathe in science reporting. It is the travelogue/memoir where each chapter the author travels to a new place. Fills the chapter with details, like a description of the house that someone they interview lives in, that aren't about the science but to "humanize" everything. Who should I blame for the constant trend of books written like this? I guess it must sell and that's why editors still encourage it.
Before I tell you more about this book, let me first say why I hate this format. First, it is vaguely condescending; like the people actually from there couldn't possibly write something on their own and we need a white person to write it for them. Gardiner doesn't actually need to fly to India. India has lots of journalists, including those who have written a lot about air pollution. She could just use what they've already written. We don't need a white person from the developed world to fly there and write stories about India. All that money she spent flying there, paying for hotels, and so on? Commission a local journalist to write something.
But even worse, the main reason for this style undermines the entire point of the book. The author of a book like this will often say something like, "I could have read all the existing journalism from India about air pollution but I needed to see it for myself." When they say this they are explicitly saying that, since seeing is an fundamental part of understanding, people who read their book also won't do anything. If the author had to fly to India to understand air pollution, then why doesn't that hold for the book's readers as well?
Finally, there's always this egotistical need to insert themselves -- in ways that have nothing to do with the topic of the book -- into the story. When Gardiner is in Poland investigation air pollution caused by Polish coal we get a passage about how she sees a highway sign for Auschwitz and she was raised as an unobservant Jew. "I can’t help but feel their ghosts hanging over the landscape here, and I’m glad recent decades have brought peace to this place." Or how, on a free afternoon, she goes to the Warsaw Uprising Museum. And, hey, turns out she knew nothing about Polish history! Or, possibly the worst passage in the entire book, she mentions walking past a restaurant where she waitressed one summer in college 20 years ago.
Despite all of that....I thought Choked started off well enough before eventually floudering and not really exploring some of what I thought were the obvious things to do.
Choked is part of the small but growing literature about how air pollution is possibly the biggest health threat on the planet. This year has seen major newspapers and magazines with headlines like "Air Pollution Ranked as Biggest Environmental Threat to Human Health", "Air Pollution Kills as Many People as Cigarettes", and "The Biggest News and Health Story in the U.S. That Nobody Paid Attention To".
After a brief global overview, Gardiner shows us air pollution in a few places. And in each place she shows us how hard and complicated the root causes are. London is being choked by diesel fuel. But the adoption of diesel fuel was an attempt to increase fuel efficiency and reduce global warming. Poland is being choked by coal. They have memories of Putin shutting off the natural gas pipelines and, especially in wintry Poland, some sense of self-sufficiency for home warming is deeply entrenched. India is being choked by biomass burned for cooking. But there's no infrastructure for propane gas distribution and the costs -- to buy new stoves, to buy the fuel -- are prohibitive for these desperately poor.
These sections are very effective and often touching. Gardiner talks about girls in rural India whose highest dream is to be married into a family that has a gas stove. And it conveys that these aren't easy problems to solve. But eventually you're left wondering...yeah okay, I get it. What's your next move going to be? You can't just fill up a book with anecdotes.
And that's where the book stumbles. We get two long chapters that are basically history lessons. A history of how America's Clear Air Act came to be. A history of smog in Los Angeles and how unleaded fuel and the catalytic converted (eventually) became standard. A history of the California Air Resources Board (CARB). I found these chapters to be overly focused on the US and just generally ancient history. Other than the lesson of "corporations will fight tooth and nail" it is hard to know what to take away from this chapters -- and they make up nearly 1/3rd of the book.
As I read, I realized what I think the two biggest shortcomings of the book are. Gardiner never even tries to address two related topics. Early on she writes, "What is perhaps most worrying is that the more scientists learn about dirty air, the clearer it becomes that there is no safe level." But she never really explores what this actually means. Most things in life & politics are about tradeoffs. How much money are we willing to spend for clean air? If there is no truly no safe level then where do we draw the line? Where do we say "this amount of people dead from air pollution is what we're willing to accept in order to have modern civilization"? And, related to this, Gardiner only ever really interviews clear air advocates. There are a handful of Polish coal merchants who grumble about why poor Poland has to give up coal when rich Germany hasn't even done it. But Gardiner never really explores this very valid question.
She writes that "more than 40 percent of Americans breathe unhealthy levels of pollution". If the richest country in the history of the world can't afford clean air, then what hope is there for India or Poland? Gardiner has a line about a Californian "struggling to make ends meet" and how that makes it hard for her to do things that reduce air pollution. But if a Californian, a person from the richest state in the richest country, can't afford to do it...where does that leave us?
Gardiner never really approaches these questions and that's a big part my three-star rating. She convinced me with anecdotes that air pollution is a huge problem. But what comes next?