This is a Great Courses DVD. Meyer’s presentation is top-of-the-line. He stays focused on the big picture and out of the weeds.
A puzzling point of his presentation is that his treatment of galactic structure is descriptive, not explanatory, even speculatively. So, by default, he relies on the Messier and Hubble classification scheme: mainly, spirals, ellipticals, and irregulars. The puzzling part is that, for such a significant part of the cosmos, these shapes have to tell a story. Elsewhere, Meyer talks about gravitational lensing - the curvature of light in the presence of galactic clusters - and Einstein’s rings (arcs of light created by gravitational lensing) as examples of Einstein’s curvature of space (time) by a large gravitational presence (collections of galaxies). Might not galactic structure also be real-time manifestations of Einstein’s theory of general relativity - the curvature of space in the presence of large, massive structures? Might it be possible that there’s an evolutionary sequence here where (1) gas and dust (and light) begin to pull together into globular clusters; (2) loosely wound spirals begin to form, with a small bulge; (3) tightly wound spirals follow, with a larger bulge as more matter is pulled toward the center; followed by (4) elliptical galaxies when most of the gas and dust has flowed into the galactic center?
Meyer also mentions barred spirals, cigar shaped structures running horizontally across the bulge. Might this might be the remnant of a collapsing disk? Irregulars mess up the shape of two galaxies because each pulls from the other, or one pulls more than the other toward the more massive gravitational center. Here, though, Meyer says that such collisions form ellipticals that ignite star creation. But he also says that ellipticals are gas poor because they have largely contracted into clusters of stars, which are older. There seems to be a contradiction here between ellipticals as star creators versus ellipticals as collections of older starts.
Meyer also used gravitational lensing and galactic rotation speeds to illustrate the necessity of dark matter in the sense that (1) the pull of light in lensing is ten times greater than the masses of the studied galaxies and (2) that the speed on the outer edge of spiral systems is much faster than the mass of such galaxies should allow. For example, this means that dark matter must explain the missing mass. He likens the spiral rotation speed to the orbits around stars by planets. Yet, galaxies and galactic structures are open-ended. They are pulling mass-energy toward the galactic center, increasing their velocity and density (per inverse square law) as they do so. This is quite different from a balanced and relatively closed star-planetary system. Inertial movement continues one way, with the spiral shape being created by the increased “pull” toward the gravitational center, at increasing velocity. Light seen in gravitational lensing would also be subject to the same curvature effect, but less so because of light’s mass being manifested as speed, not matter, so the pulling effect on its highly-diffused energy (the rings, the arcs, of light) is less?