At a glance, 'borders' and 'boundaries' may seem synonymous. But in the real (geopolitical) world, they coexist as distinct, albeit overlapping the former a state's delimitation of territory; the latter the social delineation of differences. The refugee crisis in Europe showed how racial and ethnic boundaries are often instrumentalised to justify the strengthening of state borders - regardless of the cost in human life. But there are other, less tragic, examples that illustrate this overlapping as well, and ultimately demonstrate that the oft-differentiated spheres of borders and boundaries are best understood through their relationship to one another. Deepening Divides explores this relationship from many distinct perspectives and national contexts, with case studies covering five continents and drawing on anthropology, gender studies, law, political science and sociology for a truly interdisciplinary collection.
Didier Fassin is a French anthropologist and sociologist. He is currently the James D. Wolfensohn Professor of Social Science at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton and holds a Direction of Studies in Political and Moral Anthropology at the École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales in Paris.
Chapter 1: Connecting Borders and Boundaries, Didier Fassin
President Trump in January 2017 banned travel from seven Muslim-majority countries whose residents had never attacked the U.S., while permitting travel from all the countries whose residents had carried out deadly attacks in the U.S. The U.S. Supreme Court said that's fine.
Chapter 2: What Money Can Buy: Citizenship by Investment, Kristin Surak
Thirteen percent of global wealth was held by the 210,000 individuals with more than $30 million, as of 2016.
Chapter 12: Symmetry and Affinity: Comparing Borders and Border-Making Processes in Africa, Paul Nugent
The largest oil producers, Nigeria, Angola, and Chad, have some of the highest rates of poverty.
This book has been an enlightening and terrifying read.
The series of essays look at how borders and boundaries are created to create differing levels of entitlement and citizenship to those who fall into different categories. The essays explore the way identity, religion, history and wealth combine to form boundaries that stretch beyond borders to regulate human movement and belonging.
One of the interesting takeaways from this book is the way that different western countries work to reduce citizenship among certain groups. For example French official's power to annul marriage and a pervasive trope that inter-racial marriages are for citizenship and in the US & Canada a long history of policies that attempt to avoid explicit reference to race, while criminalising and barring certain people from migration eg. not allowed to migrate through indirect journeys or ordinances to prevent people using bamboo to carry things in San Francisco.
This book and the idea of delineation will take an increasingly important role in discussions about development, and climate change in the future. I would recommend this book to anyone.