This book presents the reader with a survey of the major strands of enlightenment philosophy that penetrated through German, French, and English speaking societies of the eighteenth century. It does not serve as a very suitable introduction to a beginner, primarily because of its occasional lack of clarity, but it provides hearty sustenance to the reader hungry for the meat of Enlightenment philosophy. Cassirer presents his synthesis of philosophical developments of the era, but clever and intelligent as this synthesis is, his exposition of it suffers from frequent degenerations into turbid abstractions. One could argue that this is simply due to the difficulty of the philosophy and to the philosophical systems that he describes, or that it is a symptom of the German academic culture in which he worked, but it nevertheless sometimes stuck me as symptomatic of a habit of repeating the language used by philosophers without digestion or attempts at explanation.
Cassirer, or his translator, has two major linguistic or logical flaws: (1) he frequently adopts an abstract method of explaining philosophical concepts that anthropomorphizes the concepts themselves (as an example: “Finally even the theology of the eighteenth century is affected by this trend. It gives up the absolute primacy it had previously enjoyed; it no longer sets the standard but submits to certain basic norms derived from another source which are furnished it by reason as the epitome of independent intellectual forces. In this change of position theology also rejects the dogma of original sin.” p. 159), and which includes a heavy use of passive voice to elide the subjects of his sometimes impenetrable sentences; (2) whenever he enters into discussions of German philosophers in particular, he lapses into unintelligible utterances that are seeming imitations of the nonsensical expressions generated by the philosophers themselves (for instance, “This is what Leibniz attempts to accomplish in his system of monadology. The monads are the subjects from which all events originate, and the principle of their activity, of their progressive development, is not the mechanical connection of causes and effects, but a teleological relationship. Every monad is a true entelechy; each strives to develop and improve its being, to rise from one stage of its development to another which js more complete.” p. 83). One must be knowledgeable of the language and thought of Leibniz to understand even Cassirer’s casual references to it.
Some may be of the opinion that it is unnecessarily critical to chastise an author for writing in a mode whereby concepts and abstract nouns themselves are written of as performing actions, possessing intentions, or otherwise acting as intelligent entities. I do realize that there are many common linguistic constructions that are constructed in just this way. However, the frequency with which Cassirer uses this style of exposition is problematic, and to readers with temperaments similar to mine it may occasionally lead to great frustration. I cannot help but perceive it as symptomatic of a laziness of expression, if not of thought. This may have been common in German academic prose of his time, but such a writing style is not clear, concrete, or very intelligible when overdone, as it is in this book.
Nonetheless, despite all of the above criticism of Cassirer’s (or his translator's) expository style, which may possibly be dismissed by some as the expression of a peculiar personal preference, I did learn from Cassirer, and I do believe that for others who may not be irritated by his characteristic style of expression, it is a book that remains relevant. Rather than treat the philosophy of the Enlightenment in a mode of purely historiographical discourse, Cassirer enters into the thick of its philosophical substance, meeting philosophical ideas with philosophical exposition. He does not merely provide superficial descriptions as one might expect from an author who has not grappled intimately with the demons at the core of the ideas themselves, he writes of them as a philosopher would. It is this aspect of Cassirer’s book that truly makes it worth reading. Do not approach it expecting it to be easy, or to have a simple chronological or linear structure. It is organized by themes, which occasionally leads to repetition, but also to enlightening connections between how some philosophical developments affected several others in different areas. For example, Galileo’s innovation of basing knowledge about the natural world on direct observation of it rather than on theological interpretation of the same observations, led to similar approaches in areas such as history and political theory.
Cassirer’s book is not easy, but it is rewarding for the reader patient enough to persevere through the momentary stretches of word salad.